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Three Russian cosmonauts have arrived at the International Space Station wearing yellow flight suits with blue accents, colours that match the Ukrainian flag. Oleg Artemyev, Denis Matveyev and Sergey Korsakov of the Russian space corporation Roscosmos blasted off from Baikonur launch facility in Kazakhstan in their Soyuz MS-21 spacecraft on Friday at 8.55pm local time. The men were the first new arrivals at the space station since the start of Russia's invasion of Ukraine last month

Archeologists worry rapid expansion of North Sea projects could remove access to rare Mesolithic remainsWhile the Conservative party’s proposed dash for wind power is good news for the climate it could be bad news for archaeology, with rapid offshore windfarm development sealing off access to some of the best preserved and most complete evidence of early human communities in the world.Much remains to be learned about the humans who roamed the planet before the advent of farming. “There’s a common perception that they were short, brutish and nasty, and that they had to keep moving and scrabbling around to feed themselves,” says Vince Gaffney, a landscape archaeologist at the University of Bradford. Continue reading...

Remember flu? Despite lockdowns holding it at bay, a small group of scientists is searching the globe for deadly new strains – and to work out what to put in next winter’s vaccinesLast month, a small group of international scientists met to decide an issue critical to the health of millions of people all over the planet. For once, it wasn’t about coronavirus, although these experts know a lot about that, too. The task in hand was to save us from a bug we’ve been fighting since before the days of Hippocrates, the first doctor to describe it in 400BC. It’s an adversary potentially as much of a threat as Covid. These scientists are the flu hunters – heads of a handful of international institutions who track this old foe as it evolves and disperses in its own fight for survival.This crucial annual meeting was held, for the first time since Covid struck, in the plateglass anonymity of the World Health Organization building in Geneva, with a few participants on Zoom. The scientists came armed with mountains of data and decades of experience to decide which four strains of the flu virus circling the globe should be in the next flu vaccine, to protect us from illness and our healthcare systems from buckling. Each has their own opinion and there can be wrangling and even some political positioning. Experts from China, the US, Australia, Japan and Russia are involved. It’s not always easy. But on 25 February, with what surely ought to have been a white puff of pontifical smoke, they made their recommendation public. Many thousands of lives will be saved – if they have got it right. Continue reading...

The TV medic suffered complications after Covid and needed a heart operation. Only then did he understand the real value of a free-at-the-point-of-access healthcare systemI love the NHS. I know this is a fashionable thing to say, but it also has a whiff of naivety. It is like saying I love autumn, or chocolate. Sure, those things are great, but they are also big things that are complex and loving them unconditionally seems to avoid important criticisms (the waiting lists for essential surgeries, the leaves on the train tracks and taking your dog to the vet every Easter, respectively).I mean, of course, that I love the idea of a nationalised health service, rather than the dysfunctional, underfunded service we have, where staff are even more overworked and underpaid now than they were when I left more than a decade ago. I love the idea of a system in which our freedoms in a pandemic aren’t contingent on avoiding it becoming overwhelmed – despite it coming close to being overwhelmed in a normal year (and, as I write, Covid cases and hospital admissions are once again rising). But I didn’t truly grasp the big idea – that health care has to be free at the point of access – until I got ill. Continue reading...

Head of Russian space agency has made provocative comments about ending cooperation with US but missions are proceedingThe Nasa administrator, Bill Nelson, has played down hostile comments by the head of the Russian space agency, after Russia said it would stop supplying rocket engines to US companies.“That’s just Dmitry Rogozin,” Nelson told the Associated Press. “He spouts off every now and then. But at the end of the day, he’s worked with us.The Associated Press contributed to this report Continue reading...

School leaders also fear staff and student absences are disrupting A-level and GCSE preparationsA resurgence of Covid cases is under way across the UK, with infections in the over-70s at a record high and school leaders fearing that preparations for A-levels and GCSEs are being disrupted by outbreaks among staff and students.Based on random swab tests taken in the community, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) estimates that almost 5% of the population in England, or 1,544,600 people, had Covid in the week ending 12 March, and 3.5% of people in the oldest age group. Infections also reached a record high in Scotland, where one in 14 tested positive. Continue reading...

The pandemic has taught us that viruses are not easy to identify – and can spread like wildfireAs we move into the late stages of the pandemic, it is important to reflect on the scientific discoveries of the past two years, so that we are better prepared for future virus outbreaks. I believe there are two areas in particular where we can learn from the experience.The first is understanding that outbreaks are not always easy to identify quickly. Viruses such as Nipah and Ebola cause severe, and therefore obvious, illness in everyone who is infected. The fatality rate is high but transmissibility is low, with an R number – the rate used in epidemiology to measure the reproduction of a virus – of about 2 for Ebola and less than 1 for Nipah. This means that outbreaks can be rapidly identified and contained. In contrast, coronaviruses cause mild, sometimes asymptomatic, infection in the majority of people, but transmissibility is higher. The R number in early 2020 was about 5 – meaning that, on average, each infected person infected five others. Transmission can also occur before symptom onset. The first reports of “pneumonia of unknown cause” in four people that heralded the start of the Sars-CoV-2 outbreak didn’t appear to provide much cause for concern – but those cases were investigated because the 2002 Sars outbreak in the same part of the world had not been forgotten. Continue reading...

Actor gave no details for deciding not to join six passengers on Blue Origin’s next flightPete Davidson has bowed out of a short ride to space on a Jeff Bezos rocket.The Saturday Night Live star is no longer able to make the flight, which has been delayed for nearly a week, Bezos’s space travel company said on Thursday night. No other details were provided. Continue reading...

As the WHO mulls when to call the Covid pandemic over, attention is turning to the futureLast November, having alerted the world to the new and highly transmissible Omicron variant of the Sars-CoV-2 virus, South Africa-based scientist Tulio de Oliveira saw that country hit with travel bans.Already smarting at what he saw as wealthier nations’ hoarding of vaccines, antiviral drugs and test reagents, his frustration spilled over. “If the world keeps punishing Africa for the discovery of Omicron and ‘global health scientists’ keep taking the data, who will share early data again?” he tweeted. Continue reading...

Exclusive: calls for regular boosters after a sharp drop in immunity three to seven months after jabsImmunity declines steeply among care home residents in the months after Covid vaccination, a study has found, leading to calls for regular boosters for the most vulnerable.The study of more than 15,000 care home residents found that protection against hospitalisation and death fell by one-third three to seven months after vaccination. The decline is far sharper than that seen in younger people, where immunity against infection wanes, but protection against severe illness appears to be robust. Continue reading...

With tens of thousands of satellites planned for launch, efficient space traffic management is vitalAstroscale has been awarded an €800,000 contract by the European Space Agency (Esa) to lead a study into new systems for avoiding collisions between satellites in space.Tens of thousands of satellites are being planned for launch in the next decade, dwarfing the number sent up since the beginning of the space age. As the skies become more crowded, efficient space traffic management becomes critical. Continue reading...

The ESA has commissioned a study of how to get ExoMars off the ground without Roscosmos involvementThe European Space Agency has suspended its €1bn (£844m) ExoMars mission, a joint project with Russia that was due to launch a robotic rover in September. Member states of the ESA voted on Thursday to cancel the launch because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.“The decision was made that this launch cannot happen, given the current circumstances and especially the sanctions that are imposed by our member states,” said agency director general Josef Aschbacher. “This makes it practically impossible, but also politically impossible to have a launch of [the rover] in September.” Continue reading...

Excessive daytime napping likely to be symptom rather than cause of mental decline, say scientistsTaking long naps could be a precursor of Alzheimer’s disease, according to a study that tracked the daytime sleeping habits of elderly people.The findings could help resolve the conflicting results of the effects of napping on cognition in older adults, with some previous studies highlighting the benefits of a siesta on mood, alertness and performance on mental tasks. Continue reading...

My friend and mentor Piers Nye, who has died aged 75 of pulmonary fibrosis, was a teacher of physiology at the University of Oxford for more than 40 years, and a medical researcher. His laboratory was full of his homemade equipment, which he joked was held together with “chewing gum and bits of string”. He was a talented mentor of students and junior colleagues and worked to widen access to the university among under-represented groups.Piers was born in Perth, Scotland. His father, Leslie Nye, was an insurance executive. After Piers’ mother, Grace (nee Evershed), died when he was 14, he was brought up in Aldeburgh, Suffolk, by Janet, one of his three older sisters, and her husband, Ian Tait, both general practitioners. Continue reading...

Treatment aimed at people who cannot be vaccinated is boost to firm’s coronavirus portfolioAstraZeneca has received UK regulatory approval for its long-acting Covid-19 antibody treatment Evusheld in a boost to its coronavirus portfolio, as the British-Swedish drugmaker targets greater drug development success at its new £1bn research lab in Cambridge.Aimed at preventing Covid infections in people with poor immune systems who cannot be vaccinated, Evusheld is already approved in the US, France and other countries, and the US government has ordered 1.7m doses. Continue reading...

SLS rocket, which stands taller than the Statue of Liberty, to move four miles in Florida journey expected to take about 11 hoursNasa’s next-generation moon rocket was due on Thursday to make a highly anticipated, slow-motion journey from an assembly plant to its launchpad in Florida for a final round of tests in the coming weeks that will determine how soon the spacecraft can fly.Rollout of the towering space launch system (SLS) rocket with its Orion crew capsule perched on top marks a key milestone in US plans for renewed lunar exploration after years of setbacks, and the public’s first glimpse of a space vehicle more than a decade in development. Continue reading...

New mathematical formulation means huge paradigm shift in physics would not be necessaryStephen Hawking’s black hole information paradox has bedevilled scientists for half a century and led some to question the fundamental laws of physics. Now scientists say they may have resolved the infamous problem by showing that black holes have a property known as “quantum hair”.If correct, this would mark a momentous advance in theoretical physics. Continue reading...

After falling for the past few weeks, the number of Covid cases in the UK is increasing once more. Since the easing of restrictions, scientists have been expecting an upwards trend in infections – but could other factors also be at work?Guardian science correspondent Nicola Davis speaks to Anand Jagatia about the latest coronavirus data and what it could mean.Archive: The World is One News, CNBC Continue reading...

From lead to E Coli to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, the filth that clings to your soles is best left outside, environmental chemists sayYou probably clean your shoes if you step in something muddy or disgusting (please pick up after your dog!). But when you get home, do you always de-shoe at the door?Plenty of Australians don’t. For many, what you drag in on the bottom of your shoes is the last thing on the mind as one gets home. Continue reading...

Picture is a test shot to see how a new telescope’s 18 hexagonal mirrors work together for a single coordinated imageNasa’s new space telescope has gazed into the distant universe and shown perfect vision: a spiky image of a faraway star photobombed by thousands of ancient galaxies.The image released on Wednesday from the James Webb Space telescope was a test shot – not an official science observation – to see how its 18 hexagonal mirrors worked together for a single coordinated image taken 1m miles (1.6m km) away from Earth. Officials said it worked better than expected. Continue reading...

Royal Society of Chemistry says black and minority ethic chemists paid less and less likely to get research fundingBlack and minority ethnic chemists face “pervasive” inequalities that restrict their access to research funding and derail their academic careers, according to a new report by the Royal Society of Chemistry.The report found that while black students were well represented at undergraduate level, very few were able to develop academic careers, with only one black professor of chemistry of the 575 professors working in UK universities. Continue reading...

Dr Hadyn Williams of the BACP says schools must have access to professional counselling services, while Pauline Chater highlights flaws in the government’s tutoring scheme and Peter Moore calls for a revised curriculumYour article (Teachers ‘buckling under strain’ of pupils’ mental health crisis, 11 March) highlights the serious impact that the pandemic is having on the mental wellbeing of children and school staff.We’ve long campaigned for government-funded counselling support in every secondary school, academy and further education college in England, provided by qualified staff. The need has never been more acute than now to support young people and alleviate the growing strain on school staff. Schools can’t do this alone. Continue reading...

Call comes as data shows 2- to 11-year-olds currently have the highest rate of infectionScientists are calling for the immediate rollout of Covid vaccines to primary-aged children, as new data suggests that even a single dose of the Pfizer jab helps to prevent older children against infection, and shortens the duration and severity of symptoms if they do get infected.According to the latest data from the Office for National Statistics, 2- to 11-year-olds have the highest rate of infections of any UK age group, with 4.2% testing positive during the week ending 5 March. Secondary-aged children (up to Year 11) have the lowest rate of infections, with 2.4% testing positive. Continue reading...

In the past couple of weeks, UK, Germany, France and others are experiencing a new wave. The US should get readyWhen it comes to Covid, the United States specializes in denialism. Deny the human-to-human transmission of the virus when China’s first cases were publicized in late 2019. Deny that the virus is airborne. Deny the need for boosters across all adult age groups. There are many more examples, but now one stands out – learning from other countries.In early 2020, with the major outbreak in the Lombardy region of Italy that rapidly and profoundly outstripped hospital resources and medical staffing, Americans expressed confidence that it won’t happen here. That it couldn’t happen here. And then it did.Eric Topol is the founder and director of the Scripps Research Translational Institute, professor of molecular medicine, and executive vice-president of Scripps Research Continue reading...

Though plants do not have nerves, their response to ether could shed light on how anaesthetics workPlants can be anaesthetised. When the sensitive Mimosa pudica is touched its leaves fold up, and in 1878 the French physiologist Claude Bernard anaesthetised the plant using ether, preventing the leaf movements. Since then other plant movements have been anaesthetised – but how these drugs work has been a mystery.

Illnesses including rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s more likely after long-term exposure to particulates, study findsLong-term exposure to air pollution can increase the risk of autoimmune disease, research has found.Exposure to particulates has already been linked to strokes, brain cancer, miscarriage and mental health problems. A global review, published in 2019, concluded that almost every cell in the body could be affected by dirty air. Continue reading...

Archaeologists discover burial sites “of remarkable scientific quality” below the fire-damaged cathedralSeveral tombs and a leaden sarcophagus likely dating from the 14th century have been uncovered by archaeologists at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris as work continues on the building’s reconstruction after its devastating 2019 fire.The burial sites “of remarkable scientific quality” were unearthed during preparatory work for rebuilding the ancient church’s spire at the central spot where the transept crosses the nave, France’s culture ministry announced late Monday. Continue reading...

Experts say rise was expected but further case increases and new variants are still a threatCovid infection levels in the UK on are on the rise once more. We take a look at the current situation, and what the future might hold. Continue reading...

Researchers find odds of having ovarian cancer up to 2.6 times higher for women carrying genetic risk factors for endometriosisWomen with genes that predispose them to endometriosis also have a higher risk of developing certain ovarian cancers, new research suggests.A study of genetic markers in nearly 15,000 women with endometriosis and more than 25,000 women with ovarian cancer has found what researchers say is a causal link between the two conditions. Continue reading...

Exclusive: scanning technique using AI to analyse ultrasound images could help assess risk of adverse pregnancy outcomesScientists are launching a trial of a new scanning technique that could identify women at high risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including stillbirth and pre-eclampsia, by analysing their placentas.The technology uses artificial intelligence to analyse ultrasound images taken during women’s 12-week scan and assign them a risk score – similar to the first trimester risk assessment for Down’s syndrome routinely offered at this point in women’s pregnancies. Those deemed at high risk could be offered additional scans or drugs to reduce their risk of adverse outcomes. Continue reading...

Ready to refresh your brain? From reconsidering maligned public figures to reframing ideas around sex, there’s a podcast for thatRecently named I iHeart Radio’s podcast of the yearYou’re Wrong About took off during lockdown for its conversational reassessment of events, people and phenomena “miscast in the public imagination”. From multi-part explorations of Diana, Princess of Wales, and the OJ Simpson trial, to busting the myths of Koko the signing gorilla, each episode is wryly funny but diligently researched, with attention paid to context and accuracy. Host Sarah Marshall’s compassion for misunderstood and maligned public figures stands out at a time when celebrities are increasingly speaking out about the toll of being in the spotlight. (You Must Remember This takes a similar tack to stories of early Hollywood.) The episode on cancel culture – in which Marshall and her former co-host Michael Hobbes unpick the culture wars without using the (often meaningless) word “cancel” – takes a cool, considered view of an often strategically inflamed issue. Continue reading...

As the world watches oil and gas prices soar – the next big shock could hit the dinner table. Collectively, Russia and Ukraine are responsible for more than a quarter of global wheat exports and for around 80% of the world’s supply of sunflower oil. Russia — along with ally, Belarus — is also a huge source of fertiliser, accounting for around 15% globally.The war in Ukraine will undoubtedly have a major impact on its agricultural production and exports, putting even more pressure on a system already in crisis. Madeleine Finlay speaks to food policy researcher, Dr Joseph Glauber, about what the war will mean for the supply and cost of food around the worldArchive: CNA, CNBC TV, Sky News Australia Continue reading...

Actor to be among six passengers on next launch of Jeff Bezos’ space travel venture, scheduled for 23 MarchPete Davidson is heading to space.The Saturday Night Live star is among the six passengers on the next launch of Jeff Bezos’ space travel venture Blue Origin, the company announced Monday. Continue reading...

Is it hoped discovery of medieval trading town Ravenser Odd can teach people about perils of climate crisisHopes are high that a fabled medieval town known as “Yorkshire’s Atlantis” is about to be located and will begin giving up secrets held for more than 650 years.Ravenser Odd was a prosperous port town built on sandbanks at the mouth of the Humber estuary before it was abandoned and later destroyed and submerged by a calamitous storm in 1362. Continue reading...

Mark Vande Hei, who is set to break the US single spaceflight record, will be riding a Russian capsule back to Earth

Psychologists say the secret to stop procrastinating over tasks you dislike is to do them for a few minutes. Could it work?Name: The three-minute rule.Age: New. Continue reading...

Program to facilitate access to antivirals will have a limited impact because pharmacists are restricted from prescribing the pillsA major new Biden administration initiative to facilitate access to Covid-19 antivirals will have a limited impact and fail to mitigate certain health inequities, major pharmacist groups argue, because pharmacists are restricted from prescribing the pills.Announced in Joe Biden’s State of the Union address, the “Test to Treat” program is meant to address the maddening difficulty Americans have had in accessing Covid-19 treatments. The administration will channel newly increasing stocks of antiviral pills to major retail pharmacies that have in-house clinics, providing one-stop testing and antivirals access. Continue reading...

Known as Cepheid variables, stars in constellation are used to measure distances to nearby galaxiesThis week, we’re going to concentrate on an often overlooked northern constellation. Cepheus is named after the king of ancient Aethiopia in Greek mythology. Part of the Perseus myth, Cepheus is married to Cassiopeia and is the father of Andromeda, the princess whom Perseus saved from the sea monster Cetus.Cepheus is one of the 48 constellations listed by the astronomer Ptolemy in the second century. The constellation is easy to miss as it contains only moderately bright to faint stars, but its shape is distinctive once located. Continue reading...

Authorities adopt a zero tolerance policy in Shenzhen, imposing a lockdown and testing every resident three timesChina’s government has locked down Shenzhen, a city of 17.5 million people, as it tries to contain its worst ever Covid-19 outbreak across multiple provinces, with case numbers tripling from Saturday to Sunday.A government notice on Sunday said all residential communities were now under “closed management”, meaning they would be locked down. Every resident would undergo three rounds of testing, for which they were allowed to leave their homes, and all buses and subways were suspended. Continue reading...

Schemes coming to an end is ‘yet another example of short-term thinking’Ministers have been accused of “turning off the headlights at the first sign of dawn” after scrapping nationwide Covid surveillance programmes, with scientists saying it will almost certainly end up costing more money in the long run.Last week, scientists announced that the React study – which randomly tests about 150,000 people across England each month to see how many are infected with coronavirus – will be scrapped at the end of March, and no further data will be collected beyond that point. Continue reading...

I try to use my training and experience to consider a young person’s story against the evidence in mental health research

The long-running series in which readers answer other readers’ questions on subjects ranging from trivial flights of fancy to profound scientific and philosophical conceptsIf someone managed to, hypothetically, avoid pollution, never be involved in an accident and followed all health advice to the letter, how long would they live for? Jane ShawPlease send new questions to nq@theguardian.com. Continue reading...

As science proves that acts of kindness benefit both giver and receiver, we ask why some people are so much better at putting others firstIt was freezing cold the day Neil Laybourn saw a man in a T-shirt sitting on a high ledge on Waterloo Bridge and made a split-second decision that would change both their lives for ever. “It’s hard to pin down what it was that made me stop… but it would have played on my mind if I hadn’t,” he said. “That’s not how you live your life is it? You don’t just walk past when you see someone in need.”On that January morning in London’s rush hour, hundreds of other people were doing exactly that. But Laybourn didn’t and – it turned out the man, Jonny Benjamin, was contemplating suicide. Six years later he would launch a campaign to find and thank Laybourn for persuading him down off that ledge. The two of them now give talks on mental health issues and suicide prevention together. Continue reading...

Instrument confiscated by the Danes is given back to the Sámi people after a lengthy campaignOn 7 December 1691, a precious rune drum, created to help a noaidi, or shaman, to enter a trance and walk among spirits, was confiscated by the authorities. The owner, Anders Poulsson – or Poala-Ánde in the name’s Sámi form – was tried for witchcraft the following year.Poulsson told the court, according to official records, that his mother had taught him how to use the rune drum, because “he wanted to help people in distress, and with his art he wanted to do good, and his mother said that she would teach him such an art”. Continue reading...

The celebrated US scientist and inventor on not being in it for the money, why diversity improves problem-solving, and his dedication to exercisingThe chemical engineer Robert Langer co-founded Covid-19 vaccine maker Moderna, and his innovations have helped create more than 100 products from artificial skin to messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. The 73-year-old has a mountain of research papers and patents to his name, on top of which he has started more than 40 companies and won more than 200 awards, including the Queen Elizabeth prize, which has been called the “Nobel for engineering”. Langer’s biomedical engineering lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he holds a professorship, employs more than 100 researchers. He spoke to the Observer to mark Unesco World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development, held earlier this month.Last year you debuted on Forbes magazine’s billionaires list. Being a co-founder of Moderna has been profitable! How did it feel?

My nine-year-old’s curiosity about the place I grew up and where generations of my family were raised has made me look at it with new eyes“Why don’t we live here? Why did you ever leave?” This is Solomon, nine, one of my sons; and these are familiar questions he enjoys directing my way. We’ve just left Goodison Park, the ground of Everton, our football team; and we’re walking back to my parents’ home, not far away. Everton won the game (never a given, recently), and Solly is on a high; he wants to linger in the streets around Goodison, as he does whenever we visit. He likes all the ways the area is different from our home. That it’s rougher, not as pretty – poorer, to put it plainly – than our bourgeois patch of Kensal Green, in London, is all upside to him. He likes the shop we’ve just popped into for sweets with its Haribos behind caged wire like so much precious cargo. He likes the cheeky lads on their bikes, larking around as if auditioning for a documentary dedicated to “life on the street”.If it were a pal alongside me, I’d be teasing him for romanticising my old home, for taking a walk on the wild side. But it’s my boy and I can’t help but smile at how much he’s enjoying himself. Continue reading...

As numbers admitted to hospital rise again, ministers face calls to extend fourth vaccination beyond the over-75s

Scientists at home and abroad criticise decision to cancel widely admired infection-surveillance projects including React-1 and Zoe

Analysis of 10 pieces by neurologist Dr Paul McCrory, who quit the Concussion in Sport Group, suggests he may have copied other work without proper attribution

Exclusive: Technology developed for new type of contraceptive pill could be applied to other medicinesNew technology that allows for daily medications to instead be taken just once a week or month could transform the lives of people with conditions ranging from schizophrenia to opioid addiction, researchers have said.The method has also been developed for a new type of contraceptive pill – a capsule, initially tested in pigs, that dissolves in the stomach to release a six-armed structure that delivers synthetic hormones over three weeks before falling apart and exiting the body. Continue reading...