What lies beneath this ice giant's surface might be the potential for life - but not as we know itFor nearly 40 years, Uranus and its five largest moons have been dismissed as frozen and lifeless. This view was formed by humanity's only close encounter with the Uranian system at the edge of our cosmic neighbourhood. Data sent back by Voyager 2 in 1986 indicated that the distant ice giant was sterile and inactive. But that probe had the misfortune of flying past Uranus just when a powerful solar storm hit, creating a distorted impression of its true nature. Far from the barren worlds previously assumed, a new analysis suggests that the celestial bodies could hold hidden oceans, and perhaps even the conditions necessary to support life.This news should put rocket boosters on the $4bnplan by Nasa, the US space agency, for a mission to return to Uranus. The clock is ticking to make it there by 2050, just in time for its planetary equinox, when sunlight floods Uranus and its moons from pole to pole. Nasa wants to launch a mission by 2032 - a timeline that allows the spacecraft to use Jupiter's massive gravity like a slingshot and shoot a probe out to Uranus in time for its seasonal transition. Continue reading...

In the earnest press tour for the film, actor Cynthia Erivo was in tears at the idea that fans were holding space' for the song Defying Gravity. But is it more self-help jargon or something more powerful?The journalist Tracy E Gilchrist had just four minutes with the Wicked actors Cynthia Erivo and Ariana Grande - and she had to make them count. She just didn't bargain on becoming part of one of the year's most-used memes as a result of saying the phrase holding space". I just went in and did my job, which was to try to get an authentic answer to a question in a very short amount of time," she says. It felt like the right term for what I was trying to get across to Cynthia, which is the idea that you can interact with a work of art like Defying Gravity and feel something within yourself."In the interview - a standard junket affair of rotating film journalists - Gilchrist, teeing up her question, informs Erivo that people are taking the lyrics of Defying Gravity and really holding space with that and feeling power in that". Continue reading...

The conversation about fluoride's health benefits has exploded recently after a US federal toxicology report, court ruling and independent scientific review all called for updated risk-benefit analysis. Ian Sample hears from Catherine Carstairs, professor of history at the University of Guelph in Canada, about how attitudes to fluoridation have evolved, and Oliver Jones, professor of chemistry at RMIT University in Australia, about where the science stands todayClips: the New York Sun, Columbia PicturesThe science of fluoride is starting to evolve': behind the risks and benefits of the mineral Continue reading...

Results of trial of benralizumab injection could be gamechanger' for millions of people around the worldDoctors are hailing a new way to treat serious asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attacks that marks the first breakthrough for 50 years and could be a gamechanger" for patients.A trial found offering patients an injection was more effective than the current care of steroid tablets, and cuts the need for further treatment by 30%. Continue reading...

Structures thousands of times narrower than a human hair suggest future uses for nanobot technology

With RFK Jr and a court ruling, conversation on fluoride, in about 72% of US community water supplies, has explodedA national conversation about fluoride's health benefits exploded this fall after a federal toxicology report, court ruling and independent scientific review all called for updated risk-benefit analysis.Fluoride, a naturally occurring mineral in some regions, has been added to community water supplies since the mid-20th century when studies found exposure dramatically reduced tooth decay. Continue reading...

A brave memoir from a psychiatrist with severe mental illness that describes a failing system from withinThis brave memoir by apsychiatrist who has severe mental illness shows how lost and confused psychiatry and its patients have become. Future readerswill be amazed, we must hope,by how poorly we understood and how ineffectively wetreated the troubled mind.Rebecca Lawrence has experienced recurrent and horrendous depressions throughout her life, mixed with periods of elevated mood. Despite multiple breakdowns and admissions to hospital, her determination and resilience, alongside the support of her remarkable husband, Richard, enable her to survive and prosper, becoming a consultant psychiatrist and mother of three. Continue reading...

Underwater chimney structures spewing jets of brine can help alert to dangerous regional issue, research showsVenting chimneys have been discovered on the floor of the Dead Sea. These previously unknown white smokers" spew out salty water and provide early warning of sinkhole formation on nearby land.The Dead Sea is sinking fast. Over the past 50 years, intense evaporation has resulted in it dropping by about 1 metre a year, with its surface now approximately 438 metres beneath sea level. This drop has opened up new fissures in the rock strata and researchers wanted to understand how this might be contributing to an alarming fall in freshwater aquifer levels seen in Israel, Jordan and the West Bank. Continue reading...

Choosing Jay Bhattacharya to lead NIH signals return to controversial and scientifically questionable health policies

Variations in time a person goes to sleep and wakes up strongly associated' with higher risk of negative impactsFailing to stick to a regular time for going to bed and waking up increases the risk of stroke, heart attack and heart failure by 26%, even for those who get a full night's sleep, the most comprehensive study of its kind suggests.Previous studies have focused on the links between sleep duration and health outcomes, with people advised to get between seven and nine hours shut-eye a night. Continue reading...

Every three months in Kazakhstan, a trio of cosmonauts and astronauts head off to the International Space Station - then return in small capsules. What do the locals make of it? Continue reading...

Analysis involving more than 85,000 people showed risk of worsening function was reduced by 22%Weight-loss drugs can reduce the risk of worsening kidney function, kidney failure and dying from kidney disease by a fifth, according to a study.Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are a family of medications that help people shed the pounds, manage blood sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes and prevent heart attacks and strokes in people with heart disease. Continue reading...

Video posted by Emily Calandrelli about awesome view of Earth was flooded with hateful, objectifying commentsThere isn't a galaxy far, far away enough where women can escape sexist online trolls.Emily Calandrelli became the 100th woman to go to space when she joined a group of six space tourists in a launch led by Blue Origin, the aerospace company owned by the billionaire Jeff Bezos. Continue reading...

Madeleine Finlay hears from the Guardian's environment editor, Damian Carrington, about the controversial climate finance deal that brought Cop29 negotiations to a close in the early hours on Sunday morning in Baku, Azerbaijan. Developing countries asked rich countries to provide them with $1.3tn a year to help them decarbonise their economies and cope with the effects of the climate crisis. But the final deal set a pledge of just $300bn annually, with $1.3tn only a target. Damian tells Madeleine how negotiations unfolded, and what we can expect from next year's conference in BrazilFind all the Guardian's reporting on Cop29Support the Guardian: theguardian.com/sciencepod Continue reading...

Prof Dorothy Bishop said fellowship was a contradiction of all the values' of UK's national academy of sciencesA leading scientist at the University of Oxford has resigned from the UK's national academy of sciences over concerns about Elon Musk's continuing fellowship.Prof Dorothy Bishop, emeritus professor of developmental neuropsychology and a leading expert on children's communication disorders, said she handed back her fellowship of the Royal Society last week. Continue reading...

The answers to today's puzzlesEarlier today I set you three problems from a maths competition for Martian schoolchildren. By Martian, I mean Hungarian.In the mid-twentieth century, a generation of outstanding mathematicians and physicists from Hungary were humorously called Martians, as their intelligence was from another planet. Continue reading...

Study detects synergistic effect making substances more dangerous, raising alarm since humans are exposed to bothFew human-made substances are as individually ubiquitous and dangerous as PFAS and microplastics, and when they join forces there is a synergistic effect that makes them even more toxic and pernicious, new research suggests.The study's authors exposed water fleas to mixtures of the toxic substances and found they suffered more severe health effects, including lower birth rates, and developmental problems, such as delayed sexual maturity and stunted growth. Continue reading...

School-bus-sized asteroid known as 2024 PT5 and currently 2m miles from Earth will begin journey towards sunA so-called mini-moon of Earth that has been lingering in the heavens since September will begin a journey towards the sun on Monday as it prepares to disappear until 2055.The school-bus-sized asteroid known as 2024 PT5 might actually be a huge boulder that broke from the moon after another space rock crashed into it centuries ago, astronomers say. Continue reading...

Do you have alien intelligence?UPDATE: Solutions can be read hereHungary acquired a reputation for brilliance in maths and physics in the middle of last century, thanks to scientists like John von Neumann, Edward Teller and Eugene Wigner.The stellar cohort become known as the Martians. The Hungarians, so the joke went, were evidence that superior alien intelligence had already landed on Earth. Even their language was impenetrable. Continue reading...

The moon will have just 14% of its visible surface illuminated and Spica will be shining a brilliant white lightOn these cold wintry mornings it can often take a lot of effort or the promise of something good to drag us out of bed. On 27 November, nature will provide a beautiful sight that will reward the early risers: an exquisitely thin waning crescent moon will be sitting next to the bright star of Spica.Spica is the 16th brightest star in the entire night sky and the brightest star in its constellation of Virgo, the virgin. The moon will have just 14% of its visible surface illuminated, and Spica will be shining a brilliant white light. Continue reading...

Scientist James Lovelock gave humanity new ways to think about our home planet - but some of his biggest ideas were the fruit of a passionate collaboration. By Jonathan Watts Continue reading...

Scientist and banker benefited from gold mined primarily by enslaved Africans in Brazil, book claimsSir Isaac Newton, whose theory of gravity revolutionised science and who later rose to the upper echelons of London's financial world, had closer financial ties to the transatlantic trade in enslaved people than was previously understood, a new book has claimed.The book, Ricardo's Dream, covers the life and work of David Ricardo, a pioneer of economic theory and the wealthiest stock trader of his day. It also re-examines Newton's time as master of the mint at the Royal Mint, where the scientist wielded political influence and amassed vast personal wealth after leaving his academic position in Cambridge.Ricardo's Dream by Nat Dyer (Bristol University Press, 14.99). To support the Guardian and Observer, order your copy at guardianbookshop.com. Delivery charges may apply. Continue reading...

Early instruction that teaches young people how to recognise negative thought patterns and manage their mental health may help to avoid problems in later lifeI was about 16 when I had my first bout of depression, but 29 when I sought help and received a diagnosis. In the intervening period, I thought I could weather my low moods alone, but the waves of hopelessness didn't lessen; they only gained momentum. I was left with a strong desire to evaporate, leaving no trace of my existence in the world.I am extremely lucky to have responded well to a course of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), but I can't help wondering how much pain I could have avoided if I'd learned to manage my mental health better at a younger age, before my symptoms had even started to develop. Continue reading...

Marina Hyde asks us to spare a sob for Don Jr, replaced in Daddy's affections by Elon Musk. The Bank of Mum and Dad - the unspoken dynamic behind society's growing inequality of inheritocracy'. I've been called worse than a Nazi': Simon Hattenstone meets Jacob Rees-Mogg. And psychologist Lucy Foulkes on why we should take teenage love more seriously Continue reading...

New research revealed canals used for about 1,000 years to channel and catch freshwater fish on the Yucatan peninsulaLong before the ancient Maya built temples, their predecessors were already altering the landscape of Central America's Yucatan peninsula.Using drones and Google Earth imagery, archaeologists have discovered a 4,000-year-old network of earthen canals in what's now Belize. The findings were published on Friday in the journal Science Advances. Continue reading...

Experts are optimistic about energy and drug production breakthroughs but also fear its potential misuseWhen better to hold a conference on artificial intelligence and the countless ways it is advancing science than in those brief days between the first Nobel prizes being awarded in the field and the winners heading to Stockholm for the lavish white tie ceremony?It was fortuitous timing for Google DeepMind and the Royal Society who this week convened the AI for Science Forum in London. Last month, Google DeepMind bagged the Nobel prize in chemistry a day after AI took the physics prize. The mood was celebratory. Continue reading...

In avatar therapy, a clinician gives voice to their patients' inner demons. For some of the participants in a new trial, the results have been astounding. By Jenny Kleeman Continue reading...

Researchers identify collision hotspots around world but reveal almost all these lack preventive measuresCollisions between whales and ships can prove fatal for the marine mammals, but researchers say expanding mitigation measures to just 2.6% of the ocean's surface would reduce the chance of such strikes in all risk hotspots.While experts say many whale-ship collisions go unobserved and unreported, making it difficult to put a figure on the scale of the problem, some estimates suggest tens of thousands of the animals are killed each year. Continue reading...

Peter's chapel in Lucerne swaps out its priest to set up a computer and cables in confessional boothThe small, unadorned church has long ranked as the oldest in the Swiss city of Lucerne. But Peter's chapel has become synonymous with all that is new after it installed an artificial intelligence-powered Jesus capable of dialoguing in 100 different languages.It was really an experiment," said Marco Schmid, a theologian with the Peterskapelle church. We wanted to see and understand how people react to an AI Jesus. What would they talk with him about? Would there be interest in talking to him? We're probably pioneers in this." Continue reading...

Astrophysicists say material may suggest star is dying and ejection of matter signals coming supernovaA star cloaked in an egg-shaped cocoon has been revealed in the first detailed images of a star beyond the Milky Way.Until now, stars in other galaxies have been visible as little more than points of light, even when observed using telescopes. Now, thanks to the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI), astronomers have captured the first zoomed-in image. Continue reading...

RFK Jr has articulated what our Democratic and Republican leaders have largely ignored: our healthcare system is a national disgrace hiding in plain sightAmong the cast of characters poised to join the Trump administration, no one is as exasperating, polarizing or potentially dangerous as Robert F Kennedy Jr. But in a twist that is emblematic of our times, no single nominee has the potential to do as much good for the American people.Bear with me. RFK Jr has been rightly pilloried for promoting a litany of theories linking vaccines with autism, chemicals in the water supply to gender identity, how people contract Aids and saying the Covid-19 vaccine, which in fact stemmed the deadliest pandemic of our lifetimes, was itself the deadliest vaccine ever made". He claimed Covid-19 was meant to target certain ethnic groups, Black people and Caucasians, while sparing Asians and Jewish people. Continue reading...

In the crucial first 100 days since the WHO raised the alarm, we have found worrying gaps in testing and treatment of the virus

The news that a Swedish politician has rooms swept for the fruit prompted online mockery last week. But for those who face bizarre and irrational fears - from buttons to crumpets - the everyday struggle is far from amusingAs ever when it comes to bananas, Sarah has been on high alert this week, after the revelation that a Swedish government minister, Paulina Brandberg, has a banana phobia severe enough that aides must ensure there are no traces" of the fruit anywhere in her vicinity. We will secure the conference so that there are no bananas," promised the organisers of one event, in emails leaked to a Swedishnewspaper.While most of the coverage has been mocking, for Sarah, it is entirely understandable - she also has a banana phobia. She is so attuned to the threat that she can sniff out a banana, or a recently consumed one, in a room. Then, I often have a strong disgust response," she says. This usually involves feeling sick. There's also a hypervigilance, so I'll be acutely aware of where they are and feel them drawing my attention." Continue reading...

On Qikiqtaruk, off Canada, researchers at the frontier of climate change are seeing its rich ecology slide into the sea as melting permafrost ice leaves little behind

Science editor Ian Sample joins host Madeleine Finlay to discuss some of the most intriguing science stories of the week. From a study finding that fat cells remembering' past obesity drives yo-yo dieting, to concerning developments in the bird flu virus, and research pinpointing which parts of the UK are best at spotting fake accentsClips: RTE, BBC, Global NewsCan you spot a fake accent? Take part in a new study from Cambridge University Continue reading...

John Calhoun designed an apartment complex for mice to examine the effects of overcrowding. It was hailed as a groundbreaking study of social breakdown, but is largely forgotten. So what happened?Standing before the Royal Society of Medicine in London on 22 June 1972, the ecologist turned psychologist John Bumpass Calhoun, the director of the Laboratory of Brain Evolution and Behavior at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland, appeared a mild-mannered, smallish man, sporting a greying goatee. After what must surely have been one of the oddest opening remarks to the Royal Society in its storied 200-plus-year history - I shall largely speak of mice," Calhoun began, but my thoughts are on man, on healing, on life and its evolution" - he spoke of a long-term experiment he was running on the effects of overcrowding and population crashes in mice.Members of the Royal Society were scratching their heads as Calhoun told them of Universe 25, a giant experimental setup he had built and which he described as a utopian environment constructed for mice". Still, they listened carefully as he described that universe. They learned that to study the effects of overpopulation, Calhoun, in addition to being a scientist, needed to be a rodent city planner. For Universe 25, he had built a large, very intricate apartment block for mice. There were 16 identical apartment buildings arranged in a square with four buildings on each side. Calhoun told his audience each building had four four-unit walk-up one-room apartments", for a total of 256 units, each of which could comfortably accommodate about 15 mouse residents. There were also a series of dining halls in each apartment building, and a cluster of rooftop fountains so the residents could quench their thirst. Calhoun had marked each mouse resident with a unique colour combination and he or his team sat in a loft over this mouseopolis, for hours every day, for more than three years, and watched what unfolded. Continue reading...

Speakers of 28 languages linked sound and shape at least 88% of the time, in strongest case of sound symbolism to date'A rolled R is a sound that many struggle to produce, but research suggests it evokes the same curious response in people the world over: an association with a jagged line.While onomatopoeia describes words that sound like the noise they describe - such as bang" - sound symbolism is a broader concept, in which sounds map on to a wider range of meanings, such as shape, texture or size. Continue reading...

Influencers are claiming raw honey can reduce symptoms but evidence for its effectiveness is weak - and relying on it instead of allergy medication has its risksAs pollen counts increase in parts of Australia throughout spring and summer, so too do the number of social media posts spruiking the benefits of locally sourced honey to alleviate hay fever symptoms.On TikTok, influencers claim raw honey is super effective" at building resistance to hay fever or even stopping hay fever for ever, while some honey sellers claim their products can help people remain antihistamine free". Continue reading...

People with genital or pelvic symptoms may feel a sense of false reassurance with a negative result, sexual health expert warns

Unlocking secrets of how the algae survive could help extend growing seasons for crop plants at high latitudesPlants left for too long in the dark usually turn sickly yellow and die, but scientists were astonished to discover tiny microalgae in the Arctic Ocean down to 50 metres deep can perform photosynthesis in near darkness.The microalgae were at 88-degrees north and started photosynthesising in late March, only a few days after the long winter polar night came to an end at this latitude. The sun was barely poking up above the horizon and the sea was still covered in snow and ice, barely allowing any light to pass through. Typical light conditions outside on a clear day in Europe are more than 37,000-50,000 times the amount of light required by these Arctic microalgae. Continue reading...

Elon Musk's SpaceX has carried out the sixth test launch of its Starship rocket, with US president-elect Donald Trump joining Musk in Texas to watch the flight. The launch was a success but the company was unable to pull off a repeat of its fifth test where giant robot arms caught the rocket's booster as it fell back to the launchpad, preventing damage and allowing for reuse. SpaceX opted instead for a fiery splashdown in the Gulf of Mexico

Northerners, Scots and Irish better at identifying people mimicking accents than southernersIt wasn't only Londoners born near a certain church in Cheapside who grimaced when Dick Van Dyke's chimney sweep, Bert, opened his mouth in the 1964 musical, Mary Poppins, an offence for which he apologised more than half a century later.But if Van Dyke murdered the cockney accent, it seems Londoners, and southerners more broadly, are among the worst at spotting people mimicking their accents, with northerners, Scots and the Irish performing better. Continue reading...

Regular exercise can delay dementia onset by 18 months, says study in British Journal of Sports MedicineBeing physically fit can lower the risk of dementia and delay someone developing it by almost 18 months by boosting brain health, research has found.Regular exercise is so useful for maintaining cognitive function that it can even help people who are genetically more predisposed to dementia to reduce their risk by up to 35%. Continue reading...

This live blog is now closed. For the latest on this SpaceX launch, read our full report:

Scientists are racing to understand what a hospitalized teen's case of bird flu may mean for future outbreaksThe teenager hospitalized with bird flu in British Columbia, Canada, may have a variation of the virus that has a mutation making it more transmissible among people, early data shows - a warning of what the virus can do that is especially worrisome in countries such as the US where some H5N1 cases are not being detected.The US absolutely" is not testing and monitoring bird flu cases enough, which means scientists could miss mutated cases like these, said Richard Webby, a virologist at St Jude children's research hospital's department of infectious diseases. Continue reading...

It's a dream for many children, but what does it actually take to become an astronaut? Science correspondent Hannah Devlin tells Ian Sample about her trip on a zero gravity flight with the European Space Agency (Esa). Back on solid ground she also got to speak to Rosemary Coogan, one of Esa's newest recruits, about the rigorous process that led to her being chosen from more than 20,000 applicants, to become an astronaut, and what she hopes to achieve in her roleSpace travel should not be just for the elites', says new British astronautFirst instinct is to swim': my trip on a zero-gravity flight with an Esa astronaut Continue reading...

By relying on natural carbon sinks such as forests and peatlands to offset emissions, governments can appear closer to goals than they actually areRelying on natural carbon sinks such as forests and oceans to offset continued fossil fuel emissions will not stop global heating, the scientists who developed net zero have warned.Each year, the planet's oceans, forests, soils and other natural carbon sinks absorb about half of all human emissions, forming part of government plans to limit global heating to below 2C under the Paris agreement. Continue reading...

Research shows fat cells are affected by obesity in a way that alters how they respond to food, potentially for yearsLosing weight can be a frustrating game: after months of successful slimming, the kilos may soon pile on again, leaving people back where they started.No one factor drives the yo-yo effect, but new research points to fatty tissue as a leading culprit. Fat remembers" past obesity and resists attempts to lose weight, scientists found. Continue reading...

Adolescent passions shape our future selves, and can be every bit as powerful - and perilous - as adult relationshipsI haven't kept many things from my teenageyears. I have a box of photos - hazy snapshots from holidays and parties, captured on disposable cameras and developed at Boots. Ihave a stack of A-level psychology notes, kept in homage to my subsequent career. And I havea letter, from a boy called Ben (not his real name),written when we were both 17. We were friendsfirst, and then he was my boyfriend, and thenhe broke my heart.I took the train to school, and for years Ben and Iwould walk to and from the station, sometimes bouncing a tennis ball back and forth between us as we spoke. We discovered films together, and music and books, and at the weekends we got drunk with our friends. When half of our year group descended on Newquay for a week after our GCSEs, we lay on the beach together one night, singing at the top of our lungs. More than anything, though, we talked: about life, about who we thought we might be, and what we wanted from the blurry future ahead. Continue reading...

Closest approach between Earth and the red planet will occur on 25 January 2025 - about 54m milesMars has continued its eastward progression, crossing from Gemini, the twins, into Cancer, the crab. On the night of 20 November, it will be joined in the night sky by a waxing gibbous moon.The chart shows the view looking east from London at 23.00 GMT. As the night progresses into the early hours of the next morning, the pair will continue to rise higher into the sky. Continue reading...