Science | The Guardian

Research finds even moderate alcohol consumption more damaging to health of the economically deprivedHarms associated with moderate or even low levels of drinking may be greater among people who are poorer or in worse health, research suggests.The study comes just weeks after another piece of research indicated the benefits of booze had been exaggerated and its harms downplayed by previous studies. Continue reading...

Exclusive: Australian-led discovery may help explain why otherwise healthy people die from infectious diseases while others fight off viruses unscathed

We are conditioned to please others, to agree to things to avoid causing hurt or upset. But sometimes, to be happy, we must prioritise our own needsMy mother has been through a remarkable transformation since she became a widow more than a year ago. She has a new mantra, which is: I'd rather not." I think she may have seen it on an embroidery meme. Whatever its origins, I have found it inspiring, and I think it may be a key lesson for building a better life.I have changed the details of this story, but kept the gist: let's say she was recently invited to join a book group by one of our mutual friends, but she did not want to go. Rather than suffer monthly invitations to attend something she had no desire to go to, and have to invent a different excuse each time, or worse, go, she simply delivered her mantra: I'd rather not." Continue reading...

USC study finds cannabis can help manage withdrawal symptoms, as well as cravings and anxiety after withdrawalNew research from the University of Southern California shows that cannabis might help some people stop or cut down on their opioid use.We interviewed 30 people who were using opioids and cannabis and injecting drugs," said Sid Ganesh, a PhD student at USC's medical school and lead author of the study. Continue reading...

The red supergiant is the brightest star in the constellation of Scorpius and will be visible all week from the UKSummer in the northern hemisphere brings with it the best chance to see one of the true jewels of the night sky. Antares is the brightest star in the constellation of Scorpius, the scorpion. It is a red supergiant, about 15 times more massive than the sun, and is about 550 light years away from us.Antares shines a spectacular red colour. It is visible all week, and on the evening of 13 August the moon makes a close pass. At 8.5 days old, the moon is just past its first quarter phase and has 61.8% of its surface illuminated. Continue reading...

Meteor shower, considered one of the best of the year, occurs when Earth slams into material shed from a cometThe sky is expected to brighten up this week - but it has nothing to do with sunshine: the annual Perseid meteor shower is approaching its peak.Considered one of the best meteor showers of the year, the Perseids are active from mid-July and are predicted to peak overnight from Monday 12 August to Tuesday 13 August. Continue reading...

Rolling out an AI experiment with a lack of transparency is at best ignorant, and at worst dangerousIn mid-2019, I was reading a fascinating piece in Cosmos magazine, one of Australia's eminent science publications. There was this one image of a man lying on an operating table, covered in bags of McCain's frozen french fries and hash browns.Scientists had discovered rapid cooling of the body might improve the survival rates of patients who had experienced heart attacks. This man was one such patient, thus the Frozen Food Fresco. The accompanying report was written by Paul Biegler, a bioethicist at Monash University, who had visited a trauma ward in Alfred hospital, Melbourne, to learn about this method in an effort to understand if humans could, in some distant future, be capable of hibernation. Continue reading...

Team hopes findings will help improve equine welfare after showing cognitive abilities include being goal-directed'The old English proverb you can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink" has been used since the 16th century to describe the difficulty of getting someone to act in their own best interests.Now, research by equine scientists suggests the use of this phrase has been inadvertently maligning horses for centuries. Continue reading...

Exclusive: People with type 1 diabetes may in future only need to give themselves insulin once a week, say expertsScientists have developed a holy grail" insulin that responds to changing blood sugar levels in real-time and could revolutionise treatment for millions of people with type 1 diabetes worldwide.Patients currently have to give themselves synthetic insulin up to 10 times a day in order to survive. Constant fluctuation between high and low blood sugar levels can result in short- and long-term physical health issues, and the struggle to keep levels stable can also affect their mental health. Continue reading...

There's no point in panicking about AI - it's already on its wayI'm standing on an eroding cliff edge. As it inches towards me, various objects teeter cartoonishly before disappearing into oblivion. One by one sculptures, paintings, books, buildings and other artefacts of human creativity are swallowed up. The erosion is accelerating, vertiginous, starting to give way beneath my feet. Stormy. Crashing waves. HD. Photo-realistic.Is that Land's End?" my partner asks absentmindedly as she looks at my screen. The prompt I entered into the generator was supposed to be an expression of AI vertigo, but I clearly need to brush up on my prompting skills because the image generated is not the apocalypse I had in mind. It looks more like an ad for a holiday destination starring Caspar David Friedrich's Wanderer. Continue reading...

European space scientists will begin a delicate navigation that will take a probe on scenic route to outer solar system Read more: scientists slam indefensible' axing of Nasa's $450m Viper moon roverEuropean space scientists will this week attempt one of the most daring operations ever undertaken in interplanetary flight. On Wednesday, they will direct their Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice) to make a flyby of Earth and its moon and carry out the first double gravity-assist manoeuvre in space.The delicate, high-risk exercise is vital to the success of the European Space Agency (Esa) mission and is aimed at taking the 1.6bn (1.4bn) robot craft to its target, Jupiter, by July 2031. There it will begin exploration of two of the giant planet's moons, Europa and Ganymede, in a bid to find signs of life that may lurk in their ice-covered oceans. Continue reading...

Discoveries made in pursuit of nuclear fusion have potentially huge practical applications in everything from curing cancer to superior batteries for EVsWhen James Watt's first commercial steam engine was installed in March 1776 at Bloomfield Colliery, Tipton in the West Midlands, it was hailed as a mechanical marvel. Yet few could have anticipated the way steam engines would change the world.Developed initially to pump water from mines, the technology was adapted across so many industries and applications that it sparked the Industrial Revolution. Now, according to those working on the development of fusion energy power plants, we are on the cusp of a similar transformation. I see this whole endeavour as having the characteristics of a general purpose technology in the same spirit as Watt," says Lu-Fong Chua, chief strategy officer of TAE Power Solutions in Birmingham. Continue reading...

In an open letter to the US Congress, experts say decision will undermine lunar exploration for the next decadeThousands of scientists have protested to the US Congress over the unprecedented and indefensible" decision by Nasa to cancel its Viper lunar rover mission.In an open letter to Capitol Hill, they have denounced the move, which was revealed last month, and heavily criticised the space agency over a decision that has shocked astronomers and astrophysicists across the globe. Continue reading...

Perseids will be at their height Sunday night into Monday - and viewers will be able to spot a flurry of shooting starsIf you've been waiting to make a wish, this weekend may be your best opportunity to spot a shooting star.The Perseids - a meteor shower visible from late-July to mid-August each year - are peaking this weekend and will be at their height on Sunday night into Monday morning. Although the shower can be seen around the globe, it is expected to be the most striking in the northern hemisphere - prompting delight among US stargazers as national parks such as California's Joshua Tree brace for a surge in visitors. Continue reading...

Patient says pharmacists she went to were suspicious because Vyvanse is a stimulant, causing her the most dehumanising medical experience' of her life

Maths is a language that has helped humanity lay bare the mysteries of the universeIn Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, the Mad Hatter observes that say what you mean" is not the same as mean what you say", for you might just as well say that I see what I eat' is the same thing as I eat what I see'!" Readers might smile in recognition at the author's tongue-twisting, logic-spinning nonsense. But the Victorian literature expert Melanie Bayley has suggested something much more interesting at play. Carroll was a pseudonym for Charles Dodgson, an Oxford maths don who satirised radical new ideas in algebra. In the passage above, he targeted the emerging form of multiplication known as noncommutativity: when a times b" does not equal b times a".Yet such controversial concepts became widely accepted as the new ideas proved their worth. How these laid the foundation of the modern world is part of the story told in a remarkable new book, Vector, by Robyn Arianrhod, a historian of science. Understanding her text fully requires an undergraduate-level grasp of maths. But her broader theme is easier to recognise: how social and technological change are intertwined with the progress of mathematical thought. Continue reading...

Experts say addiction patients are being treated as second-class citizens as essential' Pabrinex is withdrawnDoctors have warned that a severe shortage of an essential" medicine used to help protect alcoholics from degenerative brain conditions could disproportionately affect some of the most vulnerable" in society.Pabrinex, a multivitamin injection, is used to protect heavy drinkers from conditions such as Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome, which can have symptoms similar to dementia. Doctors are concerned the incidence of these debilitating conditions may increase as a result of the shortages. Continue reading...

From Snoop Dogg's two fingers to Simone Biles's sweet signal, TikTokers are debating the summer's best symbolNever mind the buzz around Katarina Johnson-Thompson in the heptathlon or Noah Lyles's Covid bronze. Another battle is being waged in Paris among the TikTok-obsessed and it's all about which hand gesture is going to win summer.Will it be the peace sign, as shown by the rapper Snoop Dogg while carrying the Olympic torch to the opening ceremony? Or will it be the hand heart", so sweetly semaphored by the US gymnast Simone Biles to her husband, Jonathan Owens, last week? Continue reading...

Areas where farmers provide good habitats show notable increase in butterflies, bees, bats and breeding birdsButterflies, bees and bats are among the wildlife being boosted by England's nature-friendly farming schemes, new government research has found.Birds were among the chief beneficiaries of the strategy, particularly ones that largely feed on invertebrates. An average of 25% more breeding birds were found in areas with more eco-friendly schemes. Continue reading...

Illnesses that would once have been easily managed are no longer responding to antibiotics, and the world's poorest regions are being hit hardestHer tiny body hooked up to machines twice her size, her mother standing vigil at the side of her cot, Yusra was in a struggle for life. The baby had severe sepsis, which meant her body had turned on itself - her immune system attacking her organs. Doctors tried different antibiotics but none of the drugs were working.Yusra and her twin had been born two months premature, by caesarean section, in Woldia, a hill town in the Amhara region of northern Ethiopia where rebel and government forces are in violent conflict. Two years earlier, the hospital had been raided by a militia which stripped it of vital supplies. At six days old, Yusra's sister died for want of a blood transfusion. Continue reading...

Two astronauts who left Earth in June remain at International Space Station after issues with Boeing's Starliner capsuleTwo US astronauts who blasted into space for an eight-day mission in June may be stuck on the International Space Station until next year if their Boeing Starliner cannot be repaired for them to return home, Nasa has said.Nasa officials on Wednesday said astronauts Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams, who became the first crew to fly Boeing's Starliner capsule, could return on SpaceX's Crew Dragon in February 2025 if Starliner is still deemed unsafe to return to Earth. Continue reading...

Jess Thom, lead psychologist for Team GB, tells Madeleine Finlay how she prepares athletes for failure and success - and the challenges that arise when the games are over and they have to return to normal lifeThey get anxious but still win gold': Team GB's psychologist on nerves, negativity and self-doubt Continue reading...

Ministers say network of 27 radar dishes in Pembrokeshire crucial to defend against increasing belligerence in space'Plans for a network of radars tracking deep space activity to help protect the UK from space warfare" are to go ahead in Pembrokeshire, despite the opposition of local campaigners.The 27 radar dishes planned for the St Davids peninsula, which will be 20 metres high and can track objects as small as a football, are part of a network planned around the globe. Continue reading...

Treatment may be offered to hundreds with severe form of disease, most often found in people of Mediterranean, Asian and Middle Eastern heritagePeople living with a rare genetic blood disorder in England will be offered a life-changing" new treatment on the NHS, in what has been described as a historic moment.Casgevy, which is a one-off gene therapy, has been approved for use on the NHS in England for people living with a severe form of thalassaemia. Continue reading...

Research finds one in three people taking the drugs show signs of becoming dependent, and one in eight are at risk from misuseMillions of people are addicted to, or at risk of becoming dependent on, prescription opioid painkillers, according to international research.The study found that one in three people taking prescribed opioid analgesics, which include codeine, tramadol, oxycodone and morphine, show symptoms of being dependent on them, while one in 10 become fully dependent on the drugs. Continue reading...

A video has suggested a simple solution to static hair that does not require sprays or straightenersIt is a small downside of hot, dry weather: static hair that sticks up in a Worzel Gummidge-style halo.Now a viral TikTok video has suggested a simple solution for static frizz that does not require sprays or straighteners. Simply smoothing hair down with a piece of aluminium foil appears to magically produce a sleek silhouette. Continue reading...

US researchers say findings challenge view that cats are antisocial and suggest bereavement may be universalCats are often considered aloof, independent and fickle in their affections. But, research suggests, they also show signs of grieving after the death of another pet in the same household - even when it is the family dog.Some cats struggled to sleep, went off their food or made yowling noises. Others were more needy around their caregivers or went off their favourite games, owners reported. Continue reading...

Some with terminal cancer have said psilocybin helped them confront death. But how that happens is still unclearAny person with stage four colon cancer deals with anxiety, but for the first few years after his diagnosis in 2016, Thomas Hartle considered himself to be managing pretty well. In part, this was because his Pet scans suggested the cancer wasn't progressing rapidly.That changed in 2019, when a colonoscopy found tumors on his large intestine that the scans had missed. A follow-up surgery found dozens more. His relative calm evaporated. Continue reading...

Percentage of badgers with bTB fell to zero in Cornish study, raising hopes of end to cull of 210,000 badgers since 2013A large-scale vaccination programme could help eradicate bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in badgers, according to a first-of-its-kind study with really promising" results for cattle farmers, whose herds have been devastated by the disease.Over four years, researchers vaccinated 265 badgers across 12 farms in Cornwall. They found the percentage of badgers testing positive for bTB fell from 16% to zero. Continue reading...

Humans have always been obsessed with getting old, or rather staying young, but now science is beginning to catch up. Longevity has become a hot topic, from university laboratories to Silicon Valley startups. In the final episode of a special Science Weekly three-part mini-series on ageing, Ian Sample meets Dr Rachel Broudy, medical director at Pioneer Valley Hospice and faculty lead of eldercare at Ariadne Labs, to find out how we can stop fearing our old age, and perhaps even make it fun. Continue reading...

My mentor, Toby Wall, who has died aged 77 of cancer, was a committed educator and scholar who made a globally significant contribution to the field of occupational psychology.Through his research as director of the Medical Research Council Social and Applied Psychology Unit (Sapu), then its successor, the Institute of Work Psychology (IWP), over three decades at Sheffield University, Toby identified aspects of jobs that enhance workers' motivation, health and wellbeing, transforming the quality of millions of lives. He developed new theoretical explanations for how work affects learning, as well as how, working with automated robots, human workers might retain their agency and health. These and other discoveries still resonate, with Toby's research reminding us of the need to keep human interests front and centre in today's digital revolution. Continue reading...

The solutions to today's puzzlesEarlier today I set you these puzzles for English majors, i.e people who studied English at university. Here they are again with solutions and commentary from Ben Orlin, whose book Math for English Majors is out in September.For each question below, which option is bigger? No calculators allowed!the sum of all squares from 1 to 100the sum of all cubes from 100 to 20017% of 3232% of 173997/40014996/5001the square root of 6the cube root of 15the number of seconds in a year,the number of hours in a millennium25 Continue reading...

Acquaint yourself with matters mathematicalUPDATE: Read the solutions hereWith apologies to Gilbert and Sullivan, but I meant the other type of English major: a person who studied English at university.American maths author Ben Orlin has a new book out aimed at this demographic. (More on this below.)the sum of all squares from 1 to 100the sum of all cubes from 100 to 20017% of 3232% of 173997/40014996/5001the square root of 6the cube root of 15the number of seconds in a year,the number of hours in a millennium25 Continue reading...

It can be difficult to resist the urge to divulge that someone has been rattling around your unconscious. But it is worth proceeding with careTalking about your dreams is a bit like describing the inside of your own mouth: intimate, personal but mostly dull. And yet, the urge to tell someone that they had a starring role in your dream is always extremely tempting. At least for me. I seem to become particularly seized by the urge to share my night-time wanderings if I haven't actually seen the person in the sleeve-touching, hair-smelling flesh for a while.I once spent two hours tracking down an email address for someone I went to middle school with (and hadn't seen since we were both about 13), just to tell him he was in my dream. I won't bore you with the details (not a consideration I extended to him), but it involved something to do with a doorway, milk bottles and me collecting signatures. Somehow, the fact that this person sprang into my unconscious, apparently unbidden and uninvited, easily 10 years since we'd last shared oxygen and dust, felt significant. Was he OK? Did it mean something? Had he summoned me? It turned out, he was living in Nottingham, worked for a charity and hadn't thought of me for probably a decade. Continue reading...

Up to 100 meteors an hour will appear to emanate in all directions from their radiant point in Perseus constellationIt is the big one for meteor watchers. The annual Perseid meteor shower will reach its peak of activity on the night of 12 August going into the early hours of 13 August. The chart shows the view looking north-east from London at midnight.The moon will have 50% of its visible surface illuminated, and will be setting near midnight, leaving the sky as dark as possible for seeing the fainter of the meteors. Continue reading...

Pylon design | Wind turbines | Grieving | Summer riots | Former Conservative MPsWhen our children were young, tolighten the boredom of driving on holidays in France, we gave titles to different designs of pylon - such as perky cat" and droopy dog" (Letters, 30 July). Perhaps if we had more variety in pylon design in the UK and gave them quirky names, people might learn to love them as well as appreciating their necessity.

A fuller appreciation of the sounds that surround us can transform your lifeThe philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche wrote that life without music would be a mistake. I agree, but I'd expand the frame to include a wide variety of other human and non-human sounds. For me, the world is often auraculous or ear-marvellous" - full of noises, which, to cite Caliban in Shakespeare's The Tempest, give delight and hurt not".Among my earliest memories as a small child is the sound, on a summer evening, of a peal of church bells echoing off the hillsides around the village in Hampshire where my grandparents lived. Over the years since then I have been intrigued by sounds of almost every kind - though I do exclude a few, such as some of those in the genre of music known as noise", which a friend says he finds soothing, but which I find about as welcome as putting my head in a buzzsaw. Continue reading...

Technical issues and poor comms led many to believe two astronauts are lost in space, but a return date is imminentIt should have been a welcome public relations triumph for Boeing, an opportunity to show that even if panels were falling from its aircraft, it could still fly humans into space and return them safely to Earth.And for a while at least, it looked like it had been successful. The majestic June launch of the much-delayed and over-budget Starliner capsule from Florida, ferrying two Nasa astronauts to the International Space Station, offered a glimpse of a bright new future in the heavens for the troubled aerospace giant. Continue reading...

Analysis suggests extent of problem UN estimates is causing 500,000 deaths a year in sub-Saharan regionA fifth of medicines in Africa could be substandard or fake, according to a major research project, raising the alarm over a problem that could be contributing to the deaths of countless patients.Researchers from Bahir Dar University in Ethiopia analysed 27 studies in the review and found, of the 7,508 medicine samples included, 1,639 failed at least one quality test and were confirmed to be substandard or falsified. Continue reading...

The 35-nation Iter project has a groundbreaking aim to create clean and limitless energy but it is turning into the most delayed and cost-inflated science project in history'It was a project that promised the sun. Researchers would use the world's most advanced technology to design a machine that could generate atomic fusion, the process that drives the stars - and so create a source of cheap, non-polluting power.That was initially the aim of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (Iter) which 35 countries - including European states, China, Russia and the US - agreed to build at Saint-Paul-lez-Durance in southern France at a starting cost of $6bn. Work began in 2010, with a commitment that there would be energy-producing reactions by 2020. Continue reading...

The director of the Carl Sagan Center on the possibility of life elsewhere in our solar system, what Venus can teach us about global heating, and what she thinks of Elon MuskThe astrobiologist Nathalie Cabrol was born in 1963 and raised near Paris. She completed a PhD at the Sorbonne on the evolution of water on Mars and moved to the US in 1994 as a researcher at Nasa Ames. She has worked extensively in the Atacama desert and the Chilean Andes, exploring how life adapts to extreme environments analogous to those on other planets. Cabrol, who lives in Northern California, is now the director of the Carl Sagan Center at the Seti [Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence] Institute. Her latest book, The Secret Life of the Universe: An Astrobiologist's Search for the Origins and Frontiers of Life, is published on 15 August.How did you get interested in the heavens?

UK tax credits to promote research and development were claimed by a pub for changing its menus and by window cleaners for hanging their bucketsA government scheme to champion new research and boost the economy has cost more than 4bn in fraud and error since 2020 after widespread abuse.The research and development tax credits scheme was designed to help drive world-leading innovation, but turned into what has been described by experts as a wild west" with huge volumes of dubious claims. Continue reading...

Protein from flies and larvae is taking off, if more for chicken feed than human lunches. But what's bugging the whole sector is a post-Brexit rules snarl-upCentral London is not known for its farms. Yet under railway arches a five-minute walk from London Bridge station is a farm that breeds livestock in their hundreds of thousands every year. But there are no cows or chickens down on Entocycle's farm; it focuses on an altogether different category of livestock - insects.The business, which was launched in 2016, is now at the forefront of the UK's growing insect farming sector. It sells its patented technology and modular farms across the globe. Continue reading...

Scientists find impact vaporisation responsible for about 70% and a process known as solar wind sputtering 30%The mystery of how the moon's thin atmosphere is produced has been solved, according to scientists studying lunar samples brought back by the Apollo missions.Discovered in the 1960s and 70s, when Nasa sent astronauts to the moon, the lunar atmosphere is far thinner than that of Earth, and was thought to arise from space weathering of the moon's surface. Continue reading...

Dr Lucy Shenton says specialist care is required for patients such as Maeve Boothby-O'Neill, who died aged 27There needs to be properly funded research into people suffering from myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) and specialist services for patients, a GP who treated a young woman with the condition told her inquest.Dr Lucy Shenton said doctors needed more help to treat patients such as Maeve Boothby-O'Neill, 27, who had the condition, also known as chronic fatigue syndrome, for a decade before she died at home in October 2021. Continue reading...

Sports psychologists - and nail artists - say expressing themselves can help some athletes perform better

Parasites in ponds and rivers cause female genital schistosomiasis - easily treated but rarely diagnosed. A health campaign in Kenya aims to change thisAfter a year of debilitating pain, Penina Kitsao discovered what was really wrong with her after a routine screening for something else.The farmer from Kilifi in eastern Kenya had contracted female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) from the small parasitic worms in the pond her family uses for all their water.I couldn't do anything for weeks," says Kitsao, a 33-year-old mother of four. Doctors kept giving me the same pills every time I went to the hospital. They would suppress the symptoms for a few days, and then they would return even worse." Continue reading...

Archaeologists say wide open mouth of woman who died about 3,500 years ago may be caused by rare, immediate form of rigor mortisShe looks uncannily like The Scream painting by Edvard Munch, but just why an ancient Egyptian mummy has such a startling expression has long puzzled researchers. Now they say they may have the answer - suggesting the woman died crying out in agony.The woman is thought to have been buried about 3,500 years ago and was discovered in 1935 in a wooden coffin beneath the tomb of Senmut - an important architect during the reign of the female pharaoh Hatshepsut. Continue reading...

Rare specimens found in China from 514m years ago thought to be remains of proto-molluscFrom colourful, enigmatic octopuses, to oysters with their iridescent pearls, molluscs today are as beautiful as they are diverse. But it seems their ancient relatives may have resembled the love child of a slug and a hedgehog.Soft-bodied creatures are a rarity in the fossil record as their tissues decay rapidly after death. However, researchers say they have found a rare exception in the eastern Yunnan province, in south-western China, in fossils dating to about 514m years ago. Continue reading...

Research shows strong correlation between summer launches and the frequency of the wispy silvery-blue phenomenonNoctilucent clouds are a rare and special sight. Only visible at latitudes between 45 and 80, these shimmering wispy silvery-blue clouds can occasionally be seen high in the sky on a clear summer's night. But in recent decades they have been making more frequent appearances and now a new study reveals that space launches are helping to spawn them.Made up from very thin sheets of ice crystals, noctilucent - night-shining" - clouds only form under special conditions. High up in the dry mesosphere, about 50 miles (80km) above Earth's surface, the clouds need dust particles, moisture and very cold temperatures to form. Explosive volcanic eruptions sometimes produce these ingredients, and meteor showers too. In the 19th century, noctilucent clouds were only seen once every few decades but now they can be seen several times every summer, with July the most likely month. So what's changed? Continue reading...