How Robots Became Essential Workers in the COVID-19 Response
Photo: Sivaram V/Reuters A robot, developed by Asimov Robotics to spread awareness about the coronavirus, holds a tray with face masks and sanitizer. As the coronavirus emergency exploded into a full-blown pandemic in early 2020, forcing countless businesses to shutter, robot-making companies found themselves in an unusual situation: Many saw a surge in orders. Robots don't need masks, can be easily disinfected, and, of course, they don't get sick.
An army of automatons has since been deployed all over the world to help with the crisis: They are monitoring patients, sanitizing hospitals, making deliveries, and helping frontline medical workers reduce their exposure to the virus. Not all robots operate autonomously-many, in fact, require direct human supervision, and most are limited to simple, repetitive tasks. But robot makers say the experience they've gained during this trial-by-fire deployment will make their future machines smarter and more capable. These photos illustrate how robots are helping us fight this pandemic-and how they might be able to assist with the next one.
DROID TEAM
Photo: Clement Uwiringiyimana/Reuters A squad of robots serves as the first line of defense against person-to-person transmission at a medical center in Kigali, Rwanda. Patients walking into the facility get their temperature checked by the machines, which are equipped with thermal cameras atop their heads. Developed by UBTech Robotics, in China, the robots also use their distinctive appearance-they resemble characters out of a Star Wars movie-to get people's attention and remind them to wash their hands and wear masks.
Photo: Clement Uwiringiyimana/Reuters SAY AAH" To speed up COVID-19 testing, a team of Danish doctors and engineers at the University of Southern Denmark and at Lifeline Robotics is developing a fully automated swab robot. It uses computer vision and machine learning to identify the perfect target spot inside the person's throat; then a robotic arm with a long swab reaches in to collect the sample-all done with a swiftness and consistency that humans can't match. In this photo, one of the creators, Esben Ostergaard, puts his neck on the line to demonstrate that the robot is safe.
Photo: University of Southern Denmark GERM ZAPPER After six of its doctors became infected with the coronavirus, the Sassarese hospital in Sardinia, Italy, tightened its safety measures. It also brought in the robots. The machines, developed by UVD Robots, use lidar to navigate autonomously. Each bot carries an array of powerful short-wavelength ultraviolet-C lights that destroy the genetic material of viruses and other pathogens after a few minutes of exposure. Now there is a spike in demand for UV-disinfection robots as hospitals worldwide deploy them to sterilize intensive care units and operating theaters.
Photo: UVD Robots RUNNING ERRANDS In medical facilities, an ideal role for robots is taking over repetitive chores so that nurses and physicians can spend their time doing more important tasks. At Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, in China, a robot called Aimbot drives down the hallways, enforcing face-mask and social-distancing rules and spraying disinfectant. At a hospital near Austin, Texas, a humanoid robot developed by Diligent Robotics fetches supplies and brings them to patients' rooms. It repeats this task day and night, tirelessly, allowing the hospital staff to spend more time interacting with patients.
Photos, left: Diligent Robotics; Right: UBTech Robotics THE DOCTOR IS IN Nurses and doctors at Circolo Hospital in Varese, in northern Italy-the country's hardest-hit region-use robots as their avatars, enabling them to check on their patients around the clock while minimizing exposure and conserving protective equipment. The robots, developed by Chinese firm Sanbot, are equipped with cameras and microphones and can also access patient data like blood oxygen levels. Telepresence robots, originally designed for offices, are becoming an invaluable tool for medical workers treating highly infectious diseases like COVID-19, reducing the risk that they'll contract the pathogen they're fighting against.
Photo: Miguel Medina/AFP/Getty Images HELP FROM ABOVE 
Photo: Zipline Authorities in several countries attempted to use drones to enforce lockdowns and social-distancing rules, but the effectiveness of such measures remains unclear. A better use of drones was for making deliveries. In the United States, startup Zipline deployed its fixed-wing autonomous aircraft to connect two medical facilities 17 kilometers apart. For the staff at the Huntersville Medical Center, in North Carolina, masks, gowns, and gloves literally fell from the skies. The hope is that drones like Zipline's will one day be able to deliver other kinds of critical materials, transport test samples, and distribute drugs and vaccines.
Photos: Zipline SPECIAL DELIVERY It's not quite a robot takeover, but the streets and sidewalks of dozens of cities around the world have seen a proliferation of hurrying wheeled machines. Delivery robots are now in high demand as online orders continue to skyrocket.
In Hamburg, the six-wheeled robots developed by Starship Technologies navigate using cameras, GPS, and radar to bring groceries to customers.
Photo: Christian Charisius/Picture Alliance/Getty Images In Medellin, Colombia, a startup called Rappi deployed a fleet of robots, built by Kiwibot, to deliver takeout to people in lockdown.
Photo: Joaquin Sarmiento/AFP/Getty Images China's JD.com, one of the country's largest e-commerce companies, is using 20 robots to transport goods in Changsha, Hunan province; each vehicle has 22 separate compartments, which customers unlock using face authentication.
Photos: TPG/Getty Images LIFE THROUGH ROBOTS Robots can't replace real human interaction, of course, but they can help people feel more connected at a time when meetings and other social activities are mostly on hold.
In Ostend, Belgium, ZoraBots brought one of its waist-high robots, equipped with cameras, microphones, and a screen, to a nursing home, allowing residents like Jozef Gouwy to virtually communicate with loved ones despite a ban on in-person visits.
Photo: Yves Herman/Reuters In Manila, nearly 200 high school students took turns teleporting" into a tall wheeled robot, developed by the school's robotics club, to walk on stage during their graduation ceremony.
Photo: Ezra Acayan/Getty Images And while Japan's Chiba Zoological Park was temporarily closed due to the pandemic, the zoo used an autonomous robotic vehicle called RakuRo, equipped with 360-degree cameras, to offer virtual tours to children quarantined at home.
Photo: Tomohiro Ohsumi/Getty Images SENTRY ROBOTS Offices, stores, and medical centers are adopting robots as enforcers of a new coronavirus code.
At Fortis Hospital in Bangalore, India, a robot called Mitra uses a thermal camera to perform a preliminary screening of patients.
Photo: Manjunath Kiran/AFP/Getty Images In Tunisia, the police use a tanklike robot to patrol the streets of its capital city, Tunis, verifying that citizens have permission to go out during curfew hours.
Photo: Khaled Nasraoui/Picture Alliance/Getty Images And in Singapore, the Bishan-Ang Moh Kio Park unleashed a Spot robot dog, developed by Boston Dynamics, to search for social-distancing violators. Spot won't bark at them but will rather play a recorded message reminding park-goers to keep their distance.
Photo: Roslan Rahman/AFP/Getty Images This article appears in the October 2020 print issue as How Robots Became Essential Workers."