The curse of 'white oil': electric vehicles' dirty secret

The race is on to find a steady source of lithium, a key component in rechargeable electric car batteries. But while the EU focuses on emissions, the lithium gold rush threatens environmental damage on an industrial scale

Even before the new mine became the main topic of village conversation, Joao Cassote, a 44-year-old livestock farmer, was thinking about making a change. Living off the land in his mountainous part of northern Portugal was a grind. Of his close childhood friends, he was the only one who hadn't gone overseas in search of work. So, in 2017, when he heard of a British company prospecting for lithium in the region of Tras-os-Montes, Cassote called his bank and asked for a 200,000 loan. He bought a John Deere tractor, an earthmover and a portable water-storage tank.

The exploration team of the UK-based mining company Savannah Resources had spent months poring over geological maps and surveys of the hills that ripple out from Cassote's farm. Initial calculations indicated that they could contain more than 280,000 tonnes of lithium, a silver-white alkali metal - enough for 10 years' production. Cassote got in touch with Savannah's local office, and the mining firm duly contracted him to supply water to their test drilling site. The return on his investment was swift. After less than 12 months on the company's books, Cassote had made what he would usually earn in five or six years on the farm.