Mentally calculating logarithms

The previous post looked at approximations for trig functions that are simple enough to compute without a calculator. I wondered whether I could come up with something similar for logarithms. I start with log base 10. Later in the post I show how to get to find logs in other bases from logs base 10.

Let

x = m * 10^p.

where 1 m 10. Then

log₁₀(x) = log₁₀(m) + p

and so without loss of generality we can assume 1 x 10.

But we can narrow our range a little more. If x > 3, compute the log of x = x/10, and if x < 0.3 then compute the log of 10x. So we will assume

0.3 x 3.

For x in this range

log₁₀(x) (x - 1)/(x + 1)

is a remarkably good approximation. The absolute error is less than 0.0327 on the interval [0.3, 3].

Examples

log₁₀ 0.6 (0.6 - 1)/(0.6 + 1) = -1/4 = -0.25. Exact: -0.2218

log₁₀ 1776 = 3 + log₁₀ 1.776 3 + 0.776/2.776 = 3.2795. Exact: 3.2494

log₁₀ 9000 = 4 + log₁₀ 0.9 4 - 0.1/1.9 = 3.9473. Exact: 3.9542

Other bases

Logs to all bases are proportional, so you can convert between log base 10 and log to any other base by multiplying by a proportionality constant.

log_b(x) = log₁₀(x) / log₁₀(b).

So suppose, for example, you want to compute log₂ 48. Since 48 = 32 * 1.5 we have

log₂ 48 = log₂ 32 + log₂ 1.5 = 5 + log₁₀ 1.5 / log₁₀ 2

We can approximate log₁₀ 1.5 as 1/5 and log₁₀ 2 as 1/3 to get

log₂ 48 = 5 + 3/5 = 5.6.

The exact value is 5.585.

If you want to use this for natural logs, you might want to memorize

1/log₁₀ e = log_e 10 = 2.3.

Update: There's a better way to work with other bases. See this post. The same post explains why the approximation is particularly simple for logs base 10.

More accuracy

Abramowitz and Stegun refines the approximation t = (x - 1)/(x + 1). They use the interval [1/10, 10] rather than [0.3, 3]. This slightly different interval is symmetric about 0 when you convert to t. Equation 4.1.41 runs t through a cubic polynomial and lowers the absolute error to less than 6 * 10^-4. Equation 4.1.42 uses a 9th degree polynomial in t to lower the absolute error below 10^-9.

Next

My next post will show how to compute 10^x analogously.

Related posts

• Simple approximations for trig functions in degrees
• Simple approximation for normal probabilities
• Memorizing numbers

The post Mentally calculating logarithms first appeared on John D. Cook.