Enabling IIoT Connectivity for Virtual Power Plants

The post Enabling IIoT Connectivity for Virtual Power Plants appeared first on POWER Magazine.

Declarations of climate emergencies in many countries around the world have created awareness for the need to switch to clean energy sources, which in turn has prompted the power industry and governments to take action or set definite goals. Many governments around the world now provide incentives to individuals, industries, and communities who are interested in generating and using power from renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy.

The power grid has seen many changes that have enabled the integration of power from distributed energy resources (DERs). In the new power economy that is emerging, virtual power plants (Figure 1, VPPs) are showing the way by making it possible to aggregate power from different DERs and providing an efficient platform for energy trading. Catalyzed by these developments, a new prosumer" class is emerging that consists of consumers who not only consume power from the grid but also produce their own green power and might have excess power to sell. In this article, we discuss the challenges faced by VPPs and how industrial internet of things (IIoT) connectivity can help them overcome these challenges.

1. A virtual power plant (VPP) is a network of decentralized power generating units, such as small wind turbines, photovoltaic solar panels, and other on-site generation units, as well as flexible power consumers and battery storage systems. Courtesy: MoxaVirtual Power Plants for Predictable Power

A VPP works remotely to combine a number of independent energy resources from disparate locations into a network that provides reliable power 24 hours a day. VPPs are a departure from traditional power plants in that they do not solely rely on a centralized power source. Unlike the traditional ones, they combine a number of distributed renewable energy resources with traditional energy. Aggregating power from different energy resources can help meet the spike in energy consumption during peaks; the utility company does not need to build additional power plants, which is neither efficient nor economical, to achieve demand-supply balance.

Software-based technologies are being deployed to plan, schedule, monitor, and bid for DERs to make the power grid more reliable. In many geographies, this has translated to infrastructure and process improvements that have facilitated the integration of DERs into the main grid. Another goal of VPPs is to make it easy for producers to use clean energy portfolios comprising of grid-scale and behind-the-meter renewable energy resources.

Key Challenges in Virtual Power Plants

The idea of VPPs that are able to solve all power issues of the future sounds very encouraging. However, deploying the devices and technologies that are required by a VPP is an uphill task. Even if the technology is in place, a change in the mindset of the stakeholders is required to make VPPs work. Some of the challenges faced by operators are discussed below.

Integrating DERs Into the Grid. Integrating power generated from DERs into a grid is easier said than done. High penetrations of DERs in the grid can introduce a variety of detrimental conditions, including voltage swings and reverse power flow, which can cause grid instability. Most grids have to be retrofitted to be able to integrate power from DERs, increase hosting capacity, and optimize power from DERs. Consumers also need a convenient way to buy power from DER aggregators at an economical price.

Controlling and monitoring devices at the grid edge, especially those associated with DERs, are major issues. Traditional substations have relied on centralized utility technologies and systems like power supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, energy management systems (EMS), and distribution management systems (DMS). However, as DERs have proliferated at the edge of the grid, the requirements for visibility and control of these resources have surpassed the capabilities of traditional centralized systems.

VPPs need the capability to collect and process data from the edge so that operators know what to expect. Edge devices, such as inverters, need to be monitored for better integration of the system and to prevent grid instability (Figure 2). The ideal percentage of DERs in the total composition of energy sources, including traditional sources, is about 20%. However, operators are finding it more economical to use power from renewable energy resources because of the increase in demand for green power and a steady supply from prosumers.

2. A distributed energy resource management system, or DERMS, is a software platform used to manage a group of distributed energy resource assets-such as rooftop photovoltaic solar panels, behind-the-meter batteries, or a fleet of electric vehicles-to deliver vital grid services and balance demand with supply to help utilities achieve mission-critical outcomes. Courtesy: Moxa

VPPs require seamless communication solutions to maintain the stability of the grid: northbound communication to acquire data from power devices such as inverters, and southbound communication to monitor and control the devices. IIoT gateways, with their computing power and integrated communication interfaces, can help provide the platform for seamless data acquisition and processing. Data acquired from inverters, meters, transformers, and other edge devices can be send to a DER management system to maintain the grid in a stable state and meet the energy requirements of customers.

Estimating the Power from Renewable Energy Sources. A key factor in the success of the VPP model is the ability to estimate the power from renewable energy resources that is required to meet the requirements of consumers. In addition, some countries have regulations requiring suppliers, such as solar farm operators, to provide power output forecasts for at least three days in advance to ensure demand-response balance and stability of the grid. Most operators do not have a way to gain insight into the power supply. To be able to correctly estimate the power generated, data from aggregators, as well as utilities, needs to be combined to get the whole demand-supply picture.

Being able to provide power output forecasts is dependent on the ability to acquire multiple weather parameter values (such as ambient temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed), data on the wear and tear of equipment in the field, and conversion efficiency of inverters, among other things. But solar farms are usually spread over a large area and distributed over different locations. Each farm could return about 20 kilobytes to 50 kilobytes of data per minute. Existing systems may not be able to deal with the large amount of real-time data that needs to be processed and hence the response time may be slow. Other problems that the operators have to deal with include data integrity, data loss, and data security.

A solution consisting of an IIoT gateway and remote input-output devices (I/Os) can be used to securely acquire data from various edge devices, such as photovoltaic solar farms, located in remote and harsh environments (Figure 3). Solar farm operators can instantly access huge volumes of data from inverters and weather monitoring devices, and use artificial intelligence (AI) technology to accurately forecast the amount of power that is required from renewable energy resources to be able to sufficiently meet the energy requirements of consumers.

3. IIoT gateways allow fast and easy data acquisition, efficient data logging and processing, and secure data connectivity. Courtesy: Moxa

Implementing and Managing Demand-Response Programs. Energy aggregation is a good way to connect energy producers to the grid so that the excess energy produced can be sold back to the grid. This model helps maintain the demand-supply balance. To prevent wastage, the excess energy produce can be stored in batteries and only released to the grid when required, for example, during peak consumption.

Another way of conserving energy is to shift or eliminate the peaks in energy consumption through demand response (DR) programs, especially in heavy-load applications. For example, significant peak shifts can be achieved if there is a way to bundle industrial consumers together so that they can shift or optimize their power usage periods during the day to avoid peaks in energy consumption.

DR can be defined as the incentive payment received by consumers (or demand aggregators) to reduce their electricity consumption during high energy rates and increasing the electricity consumption at times of low energy rates. However, one needs to be cautious and avoid disrupting critical industrial processes.

Monitoring power consumption is key to maintaining the demand-supply balance. In order to provide an efficient platform for energy trading, VPPs require advanced metering solutions. IIoT gateways, with their built-in communication and computing capabilities, and multiple interfaces, can enable advanced metering solutions in VPPs, thereby maintaining demand-supply equilibrium.

Case in Point-Building Energy Self-Sufficient Communities

Although the idea of creating a virtual network of power resources that is equivalent to the capacity of a power plant is still in the works, there are several examples of communities that have adopted the VPP model to become self-sufficient in energy. For example, a community of solar energy prosumers can use the infrastructure provided by the grid to trade excess energy with each other or sell the excess energy back to the grid (Figure 4). A solar panel manufacturer could be part of this arrangement such that the manufacturer installs solar panels free of cost in each household, and in return the householders agree to buy the solar energy generated for a nominal price.

4. VPPs give prosumers the power to trade excess energy with others in their network or sell it back to the grid. Courtesy: Moxa

For this business model to work, a reliable network is important to ensure that the solar energy company can monitor end-users' energy consumption in real time to ensure accurate data billing. Furthermore, the solar energy company needs a way to monitor and balance demand against supply through flexible pricing and other options.

IIoT gateways installed in the solar energy system can play an important role in acquiring energy production and consumption data from batteries and inverters via Modbus communication, and then transmitting the data to the cloud with a ready-to-run data acquisition platform via wireless networks. IIoT gateways enable solar energy companies to retrieve data related to solar energy storage and consumption, in real time, from sites spread over a large geographical area.

In order to prevent loss of data, IIoT gateways need to have a failover mechanism whereby the network communication will switch automatically to a secondary transmission method (such as cellular service) if the primary transmission method (such as Wi-Fi) fails. If a failure occurs, a solar energy company could fix and update the Wi-Fi settings remotely via a self-developed maintenance application that uses RESTful APIs (REpresentational State Transfer application programming interfaces), which means operators can do all of the maintenance via their mobile devices. If this model works well, a community can be self-sufficient in energy and reduce its dependency on the power grid for its energy needs.

Leveraging IIoT Connectivity in Virtual Power Plants

High data speeds and quick response times are very essential in any modern production facility. This is true for VPPs and the ecosystem that consumes and supplies power. In this complex ecosystem where the roles of producers and consumers are often interchanged, a key to maintaining the stability of the system is zero network downtime.

4G-LTE, and now 5G, technologies are helping build stable networks for VPPs so that they can connect to remote sites and assets. On the other hand, cloud connectivity is enabling the use of cloud-based EMSs for better management of resources and maintenance of demand-supply balance. In addition to instrumentation, VPPs are highly dependent on computing and communication technology to facilitate smooth procurement of power from DERs and to integrate it into the main grid without endangering the stability of the grid.

-Daniel Lai is solution manager, Charles Chen is solution architect, and Sean Wang is business development manager, all with Moxa.

The post Enabling IIoT Connectivity for Virtual Power Plants appeared first on POWER Magazine.