Europeans who see Russia as adversary or rival double in number since 2021

Survey reveals shift in opinion since Ukraine war and big majority favour EU increasing its defence capabilities

Fifteen months after Russia invaded Ukraine, twice as many Europeans - almost two-thirds - view Moscow as an adversary or rival as did before the war, but opinions on the continent's long-term relations with its eastern neighbour still vary widely.

A multi-country survey by the European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) also found a large majority in favour of the EU boosting its defence capabilities rather than relying on the US and many seeing China as a partner, not a competitor.