Deep-sea mining: why is interest growing and what are the risks?

As Norway becomes the first country to approve deep-sea mining, scientists are alarmed but supporters insist it will aid the energy transition

Read more: Norway votes for deep-sea mining despite environmental concerns

Mining the deep sea involves the extraction of solid mineral resources from the seabed, at depths greater than 200 metres. Vast areas of this unexplored abyss, particularly in the Pacific Ocean, are littered with polymetallic nodules, rich in manganese, nickel, copper, cobalt and other trace minerals. Minerals are also found near hydrothermal vents and within seamounts (underwater mountains).