Hubris by Johannes Krause and Thomas Trappe review – learning from the Neanderthals

Why did we succeed when other hominins didn't, and can lessons from our evolutionary past help rein in our destructive impulses?

In an institute in Germany, scientists are growing Neanderthalised" human brain cells in a dish. Thesecells form synapses and spark asthey would have done in a living Neanderthal as she (they are female cells) foraged or breastfed or gazed out of a cave mouth at dusk. That is the spine-tingling opening gambit of a book co-authored by one of the directors of the institute, Johannes Krause, and the information that sets it apart from a host of popular science books that attempt to predict humanity's future based on our evolutionary past.

A mere 90 genetic differences distinguish modern humans, Homo sapiens, from Neanderthals, Homo neanderthalensis. That's paltry, given the roughly 20,000 genes that make upthe human blueprint, and not all ofthem affect the brain. Yet those 90differences could explain why Neanderthals died out, some 40,000 years ago, while we went on to dominate the planet. They could hold the key to how we, the apparently more adaptable human type, might adapt again before we destroy the ecosystems we depend on, and ourselves along with them.