Machine Learning Tests Keep Getting Bigger

The machine learning field is moving fast, and the yardsticks used measure progress in it are having to race to keep up. A case in point, MLPerf, the bi-annual machine learning competition sometimes termed the Olympics of AI," introduced three new benchmark tests, reflecting new directions in the field.

Lately, it has been very difficult trying to follow what happens in the field," says Miro Hodak, AMD engineer and MLPerf Inference working group co-chair. We see that the models are becoming progressively larger, and in the last two rounds we have introduced the largest models we've ever had."

The chips that tackled these new benchmarks came from the usual suspects-Nvidia, Arm, and Intel. Nvidia topped the charts, introducing its new Blackwell Ultra GPU, packaged in a GB300 rack-scale design. AMD put up a strong performance, introducing its latest MI325X GPUs. Intel proved that one can still do inference on CPUs with their Xeon submissions, but also entered the GPU game with an Intel Arc Pro submission.

New Benchmarks

Last round, MLPerf introduced its largest benchmark yet, a large language model based on Llama3.1-403B. This round, they topped themselves yet again, introducing a benchmark based on the Deepseek R1 671B model-more than 1.5 times the number of parameters of the previous largest benchmark.

As a reasoning model, Deepseek R1 goes through several steps of chain-of-thought when approaching a query. This means much of the computation happens during inference then in normal LLM operation, making this benchmark even more challenging. Reasoning models are claimed to be the most accurate, making them the technique of choice for science, math, and complex programming queries.

In addition to the largest LLM benchmark yet, MLPerf also introduced the smallest, based on Llama3.1-8B. There is growing industry demand for low latency yet high-accuracy reasoning, explained Taran Iyengar, MLPerf Inference task force chair. Small LLMs can supply this, and are an excellent choice for tasks such as text summarization and edge applications.

This brings the total count of LLM-based benchmarks to a confusing four. They include the new, smallest Llama3.1-8B benchmark; a pre-existing Llama2-70B benchmark; last round's introduction of the Llama3.1-403B benchmark; and the largest, the new Deepseek R1 model. If nothing else, this signals LLMs are not going anywhere.

In addition to the myriad LLMs, this round of MLPerf inference included a new voice-to-text model, based on Whisper-large-v3. This benchmark is a response to the growing number of voice-enabled applications, be it smart devices or speech-based AI interfaces.

TheMLPerf Inference competition has two broad categories: closed," which requires using the reference neural network model as-is without modifications, and open," where some modifications to the model are allowed. Within those, there are several subcategories related to how the tests are done and in what sort of infrastructure. We will focus on the closed" datacenter server results for the sake of sanity.

Nvidia leads

Surprising no one, the best performance per accelerator on each benchmark, at least in the server' category, was achieved by an Nvidia GPU-based system. Nvidia also unveiled the Blackwell Ultra, topping the charts in the two largest benchmarks: Lllama3.1-405B and DeepSeek R1 reasoning.

Blackwell Ultra is a more powerful iteration of the Blackwell architecture, featuring significantly more memory capacity, double the acceleration for attention layers, 1.5x more AI compute, and faster memory and connectivity compared to the standard Blackwell. It is intended for the larger AI workloads, like the two benchmarks it was tested on.

In addition to the hardware improvements, director of accelerated computing products at Nvidia Dave Salvator attributes the success of Blackwell Ultra to two key changes. First, the use of Nvidia's proprietary 4-bit floating point number format, NVFP4. We can deliver comparable accuracy to formats like BF16," Salvator says, while using a lot less computing power.

The second is so-called disaggregated serving. The idea behind disaggregated serving is that there are two main parts to the inference workload: prefill, where the query (Please summarize this report.") and its entire context window (the report) are loaded into the LLM, and generation/decoding, where the output is actually calculated. These two stages have different requirements. While prefill is compute heavy, generation/decoding is much more dependent on memory bandwidth. Salvator says that by assigning different groups of GPUs to the two different stages, Nvidia achieves a performance gain of nearly 50 percent.

AMD close behind

AMD's newest accelerator chip, MI355X launched in July. The company offered results only in the open" category where software modifications to the model are permitted. Like Blackwell Ultra, MI355x features 4-bit floating point support, as well as expanded high-bandwidth memory. The MI355X beat its predecessor, the MI325X, in the open Llama2.1-70B benchmark by a factor of 2.7, says Mahesh Balasubramanian, senior director of data center GPU product marketing at AMD.

AMD's closed" submissions included systems powered by AMD MI300X and MI325X GPUs. The more advanced MI325X computer performed similarly to those built with Nvidia H200s on the Lllama2-70b, the mixture of experts test, and image generation benchmarks.

This round also included the first hybrid submission, where both AMD MI300X and MI325X GPUs were used for the same inference task,the Llama2-70b benchmark. The use of hybrid GPUs is important, because new GPUs are coming at a yearly cadence, and the older models, deployed en-masse, are not going anywhere. Being able to spread workloads between different kinds of GPUs is an essential step.

Intel enters the GPU game

In the past, Intel has remained steadfast that one does not need a GPU to do machine learning. Indeed, submissions using Intel's Xeon CPU still performed on par with the Nvidia L4 on the object detection benchmark but trailed on the recommender system benchmark.

This round, for the first time, an Intel GPU also made a showing. The Intel Arc Pro was first released in 2022. The MLPerf submission featured a graphics card called the MaxSun Intel Arc Pro B60 Dual 48G Turbo , which contains two GPUs and 48 gigabytes of memory. The system performed on-par with Nvidia's L40S on the small LLM benchmark and trailed it on the Llama2-70b benchmark.