Fibonacci number system
Every positive integer can be written as the sum of distinct Fibonacci numbers. For example, 10 = 8 + 2, the sum of the fifth Fibonacci number and the second.
This decomposition is unique if you impose the extra requirement that consecutive Fibonacci numbers are not allowed. [1] It's easy to see that the rule against consecutive Fibonacci numbers is necessary for uniqueness. It's not as easy to see that the rule is sufficient.
Every Fibonacci number is itself the sum of two consecutive Fibonacci numbers-that's how they're defined-so clearly there are at least two ways to write a Fibonacci number as the sum of Fibonacci numbers, either just itself or its two predecessors. In the example above, 8 = 5 + 3 and so you could write 10 as 5 + 3 + 2.
The nth Fibonacci number is approximately In/a5 where I = 1.618" is the golden ratio. So you could think of a Fibonacci sum representation for x as roughly a base I representation for a5x.
You can find the Fibonacci representation of a number x using a greedy algorithm: Subtract the largest Fibonacci number from x that you can, then subtract the largest Fibonacci number you can from the remainder, etc.
Programming exercise: How would you implement a function that finds the largest Fibonacci number less than or equal to its input? Once you have this it's easy to write a program to find Fibonacci representations.
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[1] This is known as Zeckendorf's theorem, published by E. Zeckendorf in 1972. However, C. G. Lekkerkerker had published the same result 20 years earlier.