General birthday problem

The birthday problem, sometimes called the birthday paradox, says that it's more likely than you'd expect that two people in a group have the same birthday. Specifically, in a random sample of 23 people, there's about a 50-50 chance that two people share the same birthday.

The birthday problem makes a nice party trick, but generalizations of the problem come up frequently in applications. I wrote in the previous post how it comes up in seeding distributed Monte Carlo simulations. In computer science, it's a concern in hashing algorithms.

If you have a set of N things to choose from, such as N = 365 birthdays, and take r samples, the probability that all r samples are unique is

and the probability that at least two of the samples are the same is 1 - p. (This assumes that N is at least as big as r. Otherwise the denominator is undefined, but in that case we know p is 0.)

With moderately large values of N and r the formula is likely to overflow if implemented directly. So as usual the trick is to use logarithms to avoid overflow or underflow. Here's how you could compute the probability above in Python. SciPy doesn't have a log factorial function, but does have a log gamma function, so we use that instead.

 from scipy import exp, log from scipy.special import gammaln def prob_unique(N, r): return exp( gammaln(N+1) - gammaln(N-r+1) - r*log(N) )

Related: How to calculate binomial probabilities