How augmented reality technology erases the human v machine boundary

Apps such as Poki(C)mon Go turn physical space into a game - and as technology has done since the telegraph, we are subtly distributed via these connected tools

In his 1963 book God and Golem, the founder of the cybernetics movement Norbert Wiener suggested a compelling thought experiment. Imagine cutting off someone's hand, he wrote, but leaving intact the key muscles and nerves. Theoretically, a prosthesis could connect directly both to nerves and muscles, giving the subject control of the replacement organ as if it were real (I'm indebted to Thomas Rid for highlighting Wiener's thought experiment in his new book, Rise of the Machines).

So far so sensible: this scenario was a reasonable extrapolation at the time, and is close to becoming a reality today. Wiener, however, went further. Having imagined an artificial hand able to replace its original, he wondered why we should not now imagine the addition of an entirely new kind of limb or sensory organ? "There is," he wrote, "a prosthesis of parts which we do not have and which we never have had." There was no need to stop at nature. Human-machine integration could in theory blur its boundaries well beyond replacement.