Rebuilding a Debian system from scratch with rsnapshot backup

I'm not that well-versed in Linux but I have a Debian Buster system with a Samsung 840 EVO SSD as the system drive, a couple of shucked drives for storage (using mergerfs), and a couple of docker containers. I use a rsnapshot docker container to backup the files/directories "that matters" from the system drive to the storage mergerfs volume. Just a few days ago, the whole box just hung. I force rebooted the server and I was surprised that the SSD went kapoot (cannot be read by the BIOS anymore). I already isolated that it's not the SATA port and cables because I have a spare Samsung 860 EVO SSD lying around that was read by the BIOS just fine using the same port/cables.

My question is how do I rebuild everything from the rsnapshot backup? Do I need to reinstall Debian again or something?

Also, which bootable OS is best to read data off of the storage drives that I have? I need to copy data from them real quick while I try to rebuild the system.