The west knows the cost of appeasement. We can’t rule out any option for stopping Putin | Ian Bond

The Russian leader has shown he cares enough about Ukraine to shed blood over it. He needs to know the gain won't be worth the pain

Vladimir Putin's recognition of two Russian-backed separatist regions in eastern Ukraine as independent, along with his subsequent deployment of troops and tanks to the regions, has moved Europe closer to the brink of war.

Despite many differences, there are echoes of 1938 in current developments. Putin may not be Hitler; Ukraine in 2022 isn't Czechoslovakia in 1938; and French president Emmanuel Macron, Olaf Scholz, the German chancellor, and their western colleagues aren't some sort of collective Chamberlain. But 1938 does carry important lessons: the most important being that deterrence may seem more expensive and risky than accommodation today, but it is essential for Europe's long-term security.

Ian Bond is the director of foreign policy at the independent thinktank, the Centre for European Reform, and a former British diplomat.