VW scandal: the winners and losers, from carmakers to car owners

Volkswagen expects to ride out the emissions scandal but what does the future hold for others caught in the fallout?

For the first time in 15 years, Volkswagen's quarterly accounts have landed in the red. Results published by the German car giant on Wednesday showed a loss of a3.5bn (2.5bn) for the three months until 30 September - the month when the emissions scandal erupted. VW set aside a6.7bn to deal with the fallout from the 11m vehicles worldwide whose diesel engines were secretly programmed to cheat tests and mask the pollution they caused, although the final bill could run into tens of billions.

Related: VW must consider compensating motorists for emissions scandal, transport secretary says