How Modern Mathematics Emerged from a Lost Islamic Library

aristarchus writes:

Not breaking news, but a bit of intellectual history is always a pleasant distraction: the BBC on the House of Wisdom, and the introduction of Arabic numberals to Europe.

How modern mathematics emerged from a lost Islamic library:

The House of Wisdom sounds a bit like make believe: no trace remains of this ancient library, destroyed in the 13th Century, so we cannot be sure exactly where it was located or what it looked like.

But this prestigious academy was in fact a major intellectual powerhouse in Baghdad during the Islamic Golden Age, and the birthplace of mathematical concepts as transformative as the common zero and our modern-day "Arabic" numerals.

Founded as a private collection for caliph Harun Al-Rashid in the late 8th Century then converted to a public academy some 30 years later, the House of Wisdom appears to have pulled scientists from all over the world towards Baghdad, drawn as they were by the city's vibrant intellectual curiosity and freedom of expression (Muslim, Jewish and Christian scholars were all allowed to study there).

An archive as formidable in size as the present-day British Library in London or the Bibliotheque Nationale of Paris, the House of Wisdom eventually became an unrivalled centre for the study of humanities and sciences, including mathematics, astronomy, medicine, chemistry, geography, philosophy, literature and the arts - as well as some more dubious subjects such as alchemy and astrology.

And, of course, centres of higher learning are commonly attacked by barbarians, so shared the fate of the Library of Alexandria, Taxila, and Nalanda:

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