A Chemical Imbalance Doesn't Explain Depression. So What Does?
upstart writes:
The causes of depression are much more complex than the serotonin hypothesis suggests:
You'd be forgiven for thinking that depression has a simple explanation.
The same mantra - that the mood disorder comes from a chemical imbalance in the brain - is repeated in doctors' offices, medical textbooks and pharmaceutical advertisements. Those ads tell us that depression can be eased by tweaking the chemicals that are off-kilter in the brain. The only problem - and it's a big one - is that this explanation isn't true.
The phrase "chemical imbalance" is too vague to be true or false; it doesn't mean much of anything when it comes to the brain and all its complexity. Serotonin, the chemical messenger often tied to depression, is not the one key thing that explains depression. The same goes for other brain chemicals.
The hard truth is that despite decades of sophisticated research, we still don't understand what depression is. There are no clear descriptions of it, and no obvious signs of it in the brain or blood.
The reasons we're in this position are as complex as the disease itself. Commonly used measures of depression, created decades ago, neglect some important symptoms and overemphasize others, particularly among certain groups of people. Even if depression could be measured perfectly, the disorder exists amid myriad levels of complexity, from biological confluences of minuscule molecules in the brain all the way out to the influences of the world at large. Countless combinations of genetics, personality, history and life circumstances may all conspire to create the disorder in any one person. No wonder the science is stuck.
Journal Reference:
Moncrieff, J., Cooper, R.E., Stockmann, T. et al. The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence. Mol Psychiatry (2022). (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0)
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