Scientists Get a New Clue to the Origin of Solar Wind 'Switchbacks'

"Arthur T Knackerbracket" writes:

Understanding why our nearest star does what it does:

The European Space Agency's Solar Orbiter has enabled scientists to trace magnetic switchbacks in the solar wind's magnetic field back to their source at the Sun.

"Switchback" is the name given to an S-shaped kink in the solar wind's magnetic field - a sudden and large deflection. In 2022, the spacecraft gave scientists a full view of the structure (confirming the S-shape), but the origin remained up for debate. At the time, the probe's data suggested it might be near the Sun's surface, but a recent flight through a switchback allowed scientists to identify the source.

"Solar Orbiter flew through a very large switchback," said Jesse Coburn of the French National Center for Scientific Research / Laboratoire de Phonetique et Phonologie (CNRS/LPP. "Because of this, we were able to sample rarely observed particles there that have tell-tale fingerprints of their origin."

Solar Orbiter's Solar Wind Analyser instrument (SWA) was used to sample the switchback's plasma, and it came up with particles that could only have formed within hot magnetic loops at the surface of the Sun.

Coburn said, "There are two main competing theories for how a switchback, and by extension the solar wind, forms.

"The specific mix of particles detected by Solar Orbiter is the smoking gun for a formation process known as 'interchange reconnection'."

This occurs when parts of the Sun with different magnetic properties interact. Some have field lines that stretch away into space. Others are closed and extend into space before looping back. When the two types meet, the lines can snap open, releasing previously trapped plasma into space.

The other theory focuses on processes involving waves and turbulence.

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