Starmer's fraught visit to China will tell us what he really thinks of the UK's place in the world | Peter Frankopan

Does Britain have any leverage over human rights or security concerns or is it a decaying nation that cannot risk trade relations?

This week, Keir Starmer will reportedly visit China. This will be the first trip of this kind by a British prime minister since Theresa May's three-day visit to Beijing in 2018. Since then, relations between London and Beijing have become increasingly fraught, caught between growing security concerns and deep economic interdependence. Allegations of espionage and influence operations have sharpened political and public suspicion in the UK, even as deep trade links and supply chains on which the country depends make disengagement unrealistic. As fierce debate about the recent approval for the new Chinese embassy has shown, there are strong opinions about how to best manage relations with Beijing - as well as what, precisely, constitutes a threat and what is an opportunity. The result is an uneasy balancing act in which caution and cooperation coexist, often uncomfortably.

These security concerns are grounded in recent experience. In December, the Foreign Office disclosed it had been the target of a sustained cyber-attack two months earlier that was suspected to be the work of a Chinese group known as Storm 1849. This followed investigations into alleged espionage involving parliamentary researchers and repeated warnings from security agencies about technology transfer and data exposure in sensitive industries.

Peter Frankopan is professor of global history at the University of Oxford. His most recent book is The Earth Transformed: an Untold History.