Economics | The Guardian

Farmers and managers are being encouraged to ‘do business creatively’ in the totalitarian state’s biggest domestic policy experiment since Kim Jong-un took powerNorth Korea is trying to invigorate its hidebound economy by offering more control and possibly more personal rewards to key sectors of its workforce in the country’s biggest domestic policy experiment since leader Kim Jong-un assumed power.The measures give managers the power to set salaries and hire and fire employees, and give farmers more of a stake in out-producing quotas. Some outside observers say they’re a far cry from the kind of change the North really needs, but they agree with North Korean economists who say it is starting to pay off in higher wages and increased yields.Related: Pyongyang is booming, but in North Korea all is not what it seemsWhat is happening in the enterprise area is a development of major economic significanceRelated: The North Korean women driving economic change Continue reading...

Online craft marketplace’s listing is expected to be largest tech IPO since 1999, bringing in hundreds of millions of dollars in investmentEtsy, the online craft and vintage goods marketplace, has formally filed its intention to float on New York’s Nasdaq stock exchange.The Brooklyn-based company, founded in 2005 by painter, carpenter and photographer Rob Kalin after he struggled to find anywhere to sell his handmade wooden computers, registered its intention of an initial public offering (IPO) on Wednesday night. Continue reading...

It is unclear whether the Bank’s employees are suspected of involvement in any attempt to rig the auctions, used as emergency lending during the credit crisis

Innovation and the proximity of knowledge-intensive jobs are more important than the decline of manufacturing in causing the divide between England and Wales’ largest cities and towns, according to a Centre for Cities analysisThe decline of traditional industries – often cited as an explanation for Britain’s north-south divide – does not alone determine a city’s economic success in the 21st century, according to analysis by Centre for Cities thinktank.In a study of 100 years of economic data from 57 of the largest cities and towns in England and Wales, researchers concluded that proximity to knowledge-intensive jobs and a city’s capacity for innovation were more important.The scale of the deindustrialisation challenge was such that the city still has some way to go; in 2013 Manchester still had 90,000 fewer jobs than it did in 1951. However, its recent successes suggest that it is on a new pathway of knowledge-based economic growth. Continue reading...

So household incomes are back to 2007 levels. This isn’t evidence of success but confirmation of how dismal economic performance has beenHousehold incomes are back to 2007 levels, before the crisis – though still below their 2009-10 peak. Does this in some way vindicate the government’s economic strategy? For most economists, even asking that question is bizarre. As the UK has got richer, average incomes have grown pretty consistently since the second world war. And after recessions, they have grown particularly fast – for example, between 1982 and 1985 they grew by about 3% a year.But this “recovery” has been different. As Paul Johnson, director of the Institute for Fiscal Studies, puts it: “It’s astonishing actually that seven years later incomes are still no higher than they were pre-recession, and indeed for working-age households they’re still a bit below where they were pre-recession.” For the chancellor, George Osborne, to claim this as evidence of economic success – “a major milestone in our recovery”, he told BBC Radio 4 today – is not really credible.Related: UK household incomes near pre-banking crisis levels, thinktank claims Continue reading...

Details of rises in retail sales and services sector output come on eve of ECB’s announcement of its bond-buying programmeShoppers across the eurozone went on a new year spending spree in January, raising hopes that the 19-member single currency area is bouncing back from the brink of a deflationary downturn.

European court rules that they should not be forced to move from London to the eurozone in a victory for the chancellorGeorge Osborne declared a victory over Europe on Wednesday after a landmark ruling that protected the City’s position as a major financial centre and prevented leading clearing houses being forced to move out of London.The European Central Bank had argued that clearing houses – such as LCH Clearnet, which step in between major banks and financial firms on big deals to guarantee the transactions – should be based in the eurozone as they handle euro-denominated deals.

Average income of people aged between 22 and 30 estimated to be 7.6% lower than before the financial crisis, according to Institute for Fiscal StudiesAverage household incomes in Britain have finally returned to their pre-financial crisis levels, but recovery has been very slow and working-age households are still worse off, according to a leading thinktank.The Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) said average incomes in 2014-15 are about the same as they were in 2007–08, before the banking crisis triggered a deep recession. Continue reading...

Business group asks George Osborne for measures to boost growth of UK’s Mittelstand in last budget before the general electionChancellor George Osborne should use his final budget before the general election to help Britain’s medium-sized firms while sticking to his deficit-cutting plans, the business lobby group CBI has said.CBI director-general John Cridland says the UK’s equivalent of Germany’s widely praised group of companies known as the Mittelstand, are the “backbone of the UK economy” and should be allowed to grow further with investment support, export help and a simpler tax system.This is a good opportunity for the chancellor before the election to support growth and investment well beyond the election, providing stability, certainty and simplicity for the UK’s Mittelstand to get themselves on the front foot.“So the chancellor must reward growing, ambitious firms with the tools to get on with the job of rebalancing the economy and lift productivity. There has been good progress on this front from the government, and the chancellor can now take further action to boost investment and innovation.”Innovation is fundamental to long-term growth and creating more high-skilled jobs in the economy. If we want to really get the full benefit of the great work going on in labs and workshops up and down the country, we need to encourage more firms to build their prototypes here in the UK.There is a growing pattern of re-shoring production back home and a super-charged tax credit could help keep that ball rolling. Continue reading...

British Retail Consortium said overall prices in February were down 1.7% on last year amid supermarket wars and drop in commodity costs

Institute for Fiscal Studies report finds that falls in inflation and unemployment, together with modest wage rises, have raised household spending powerAfter the longest decline in living standards this century, the fortunes of Britain’s workers have turned – with the average household ending the financial year in April better off than they were in 2008, according to a leading thinktank.In a huge pre-election boost for the government, the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) said average incomes in 2014–15 are around the same level as they were in 2007–08 – before the banking crisis precipitated a deep recession. Continue reading...

Mark Carney says 42 cases have been sent to FCA following forex-rigging scandal and new Bank policies for staff to raise suspicionsBank of England governor Mark Carney has said 50 cases of potential market abuse have been uncovered following the foreign exchange-rigging scandal that led to the Bank’s own chief currency dealer being fired last year.The cases have come to light since March 2014 when the Bank launched an investigation into its own role in the scandal involving the manipulation of the £3.5tn-a-day foreign exchange markets.Related: Bank of England foreign exchange investigation too narrow, says MP Continue reading...

Rolling economic and financial news, as a new survey finds that investors are more concerned about Greece leaving the eurozone

A resurgence in confidence and orders gives construction sector a lift after a drop to a 17-month low in DecemberBuilding firms performed strongly in February, ending the slowdown that hit the construction sector at the end of last year. However, economists say growth in the sector is likely to cool later this year.The latest survey by financial data provider Markit found that a resurgence in confidence and orders gave the building industry a lift after a drop to a 17-month low in December. Continue reading...

Jesse Norman commissions report into review by Anthony Grabiner QC, claiming it set very low tests for an inquiry into the scandalThe Bank of England has come under attack for failing to properly investigate its role in the rigging of foreign exchange markets.In a report commissioned by Jesse Norman, the Conservative MP and a member of the Treasury select committee, a leading British barrister said the Bank set very low tests for its inquiry into the scandal.I have commissioned an opinion from Charles Bear QC pro bono into the @bankofengland Grabiner Inquiry. Strong stuff. http://t.co/QbAk86bj3W Continue reading...

Improvement in proportion of working women boosts UK’s ranking in PwC index, but Nordic countries still leadThe UK has moved up a “women in work” league table after the economic recovery helped cut female unemployment, but it still lags well behind Nordic countries when it comes to overall empowerment of women in the workplace.The UK is at its highest position since 2000 on the Women in Work Index from consultants PwC. It ranks 14th out of 27 developed economies, up four places on a year ago.The reality for many flexible workers is that they have to work harder for promotion and don’t progress as quickly. The decision to go part-time is often made for short-term reasons, but unfortunately for women it often seems to have a wider, long-term negative impact.The Shared Parental Leave policy, which comes into force in April, is a step in the right direction but the UK’s cultural perception of gender equality needs to catch up with such changes in policy. Some of the reasons the Nordic countries top the index is down to the recognition that all individuals should be able to balance their career and family life, and to support themselves.Southern European countries such as Greece and Italy at the bottom of the index are still struggling to improve their performance since the fallout from the economic crisis. Continue reading...

Lauded Mittelstand companies make up 16.3% of economic activity in Germany, whereas comparable businesses in Britain account for 17.2% domesticallyBritain’s engine room of medium-sized manufacturing and service companies are more than a match for the German Mittelstand that is lauded by politicians and business leaders as the template for economic growth, according to a study by HSBC.The UK’s “Brittelstand” of middle-market companies with a turnover of more the $50m (£33m) but less than $500m (£325m) make up 17.2% of economic activity, compared with 16.3% in Germany and 13.2% in the US, the study found. Continue reading...

Prices across region fall 0.3% compared with 0.6% in January, while jobless total slips from 11.3% to 11.2%

Rolling coverage of the latest events across the world economy, the financial markets, the eurozone, Greece’s bailout, and business

We are deluded to think we can achieve real change within the common currency. Syriza should be radicalThe agreement signed between Greece and the EU after three weeks of lively negotiations is a compromise reached under economic duress. Its only merit for Greece is that it has kept the Syriza government alive and able to fight another day. That day is not far off. Greece will have to negotiate a long-term financing agreement in June, and has substantial debt repayments to make in July and August. In the coming four months the government will have to get its act together to negotiate those hurdles and implement its radical programme. The European left has a stake in Greek success, if it is to beat back the forces of austerity that are currently strangling the continent.In February the Greek negotiating team fell into a trap of two parts. The first was the reliance of Greek banks on the European Central Bank for liquidity, without which they would stop functioning. Mario Draghi, president of the European Central Bank, ratcheted up the pressure by tightening the terms of liquidity provision. Worried by developments, depositors withdrew funds; towards the end of negotiations Greek banks were losing a billion euros of liquidity a day.Related: Greece secures eurozone bailout extension for four months Continue reading...

From All My Sons to The Crucible and beyond, the great playwright captured America’s financial, as well as existential, desperationArthur Miller called The American Clock, which premiered in 1980, a vaudeville. But it was really his view of the crash of 1929 and the Great Depression: even more than an economic crash, it was a national emotional collapse, “like all the winds had stopped, gone dead” – the moment Americans realised that those in charge had not known what they were doing for some time, or if they did, had corruptly misused that knowledge.The play flopped, likely because Miller tinkered with it until the characters drained away, except his young self reworked as a detached narrator. The way he remembered the events of the Depression is as what we’d call an “elite debacle” – a historical mega-catastrophe caused by hubris, over self-confidence resulting from diminished contact with reality. “They believed,” the narrator says of the bubble hucksters of the 1920s, “in the most important thing of all, that nothing is real.”Related: A View from the Bridge five-star review – Ivo van Hove reinvents Arthur Miller“They believed in the most important thing of all, that nothing is real.”Related: Theatre archive: Roy Hattersley meets Arthur Miller – a view from the barricades Continue reading...

Proposed reforms win conditional approval in Brussels for extension of rescue package that new Greek government has repeatedly pledged to scrapGreece’s new leftwing government faces months of fraught negotiations with its creditors over how to ease its unsustainable debt levels and austerity programmes after securing - but only conditionally - a eurozone lifeline on Tuesday that wins it time until the end of June.Alexis Tsipras, the Greek prime minister and leader of the Syriza movement, had to bow to German-led pressure to stick to the broad terms of its €240bn (£176bn) bailout in order to obtain a four-month extension to the rescue he repeatedly pledged to scrap. Continue reading...

Central bank and inflation ministry agree historic move to rein in volatile price rises by setting consumer inflation targetsIndia’s government and central bank have agreed to commit to inflation targeting, in the biggest change to monetary policy since the economy was opened up more than two decades ago, making a priority of subduing volatile prices.

One still might think that it makes sense to hold cash directly, rather than holding an asset with a negative return. But holding cash can be risky, as Greek savers have learnedMonetary policy has become increasingly unconventional in the last six years, with central banks implementing zero-interest-rate policies, quantitative easing, credit easing, forward guidance, and unlimited exchange-rate intervention. But now we have come to the most unconventional policy tool of them all: negative nominal interest rates.Such rates currently prevail in the eurozone, Switzerland, Denmark, and Sweden. And it is not just short-term policy rates that are now negative in nominal terms: about $3tn of assets in Europe and Japan, at maturities as long as 10 years (in the case of Swiss government bonds), now have negative interest rates.Related: Q&A: what are negative interest rates? Continue reading...

Mariano Rajoy hits back over accusation that Spain and Portugal deliberately tried to bring Greece’s Syriza administration into ‘unconditional surrender’

We risk losing a lot more than our patience as tweets and cat videos put an end to long-termismDelayed gratification: it’s an important life skill we try to teach our children when they want that tooth-rotting treat right now. With good reason: the famous “marshmallow experiment” at Stanford University showed kids that chose to wait a few minutes and get two sweets, instead of gobbling up one immediately, were brighter and more successful more than a decade later.Yet in grown-up, economic life, patience has gone way out of fashion. Continue reading...

The general election campaign starts officially on 30 March, but the early skirmishes have already begun. Here, from the pink bus to new media and gaffes to opinion polls, is your indispensable guide to the words, thoughts and, not least, promises that will shape the political conversation over the next two months Continue reading...

Approval ratings for radical left party soar despite U-turns forced in debt talks and collapse of tax collection, but the people still expect the government to deliverAlexis Tsipras’ left-led government may be the bane of Europe’s political establishment, but in Greece support is soaring as Athens’ new political class negotiates the country’s economic plight.One month and three days after the tough-talking firebrand assumed power, Greeks of all political persuasions appear to like what they see. A Metron Analysis poll published on Saturday showed popularity ratings for the prime minister’s radical left Syriza party at an all-time high: from the almost 36% it won in snap polls on 25 January, support for Syriza has jumped to 47.6%, a record for a movement that only three years ago was on margins of Greek politics. Continue reading...

‘India is about to take off,’ finance minister says, as he announces plans to slow pace of cutting deficit and to boost investment

The Bundestag has voted to extend Greece’s aid programme by four months by a big majority, after hearing that Greece must meets its commitments

Surely we’ve had enough of materialism? There has to be more to life, so let’s try experientialism instead

Greece is bravely laying a path towards a democratic Europe, one that is not dominated by the interests of capitalism or Nato“A spectre is haunting Europe” read a recent headline in the Italian newspaper Il Manifesto, announcing the round of meetings between the Greek prime minister, Alexis Tsipras, and his European counterparts. Just think of what would happen if Podemos wins in Spain: the spectre would turn into a monster, propelled by one of Europe’s largest economies. In a few weeks, campaigning will begin in Spain and no doubt the European governments will redouble their efforts to frighten Spanish citizens away from Podemos. But what can Podemos tell us about Europe?Since Syriza’s victory in Greece, Podemos’s position on Europe has been supportive of Syriza while prudently reserving its judgment. After all, Tsipras’s strategy could fail in the brief interval that remains until the Spanish elections. But prudency is not the same as ambiguity. Nothing would be more dangerous than an ambiguous position at this point, given the negotiations under way between Greece and Europe on the viability of the policies implemented by the troika until now. There are now two Europes and it is imperative to align with one or the other. Podemos supporters know that victory is only possible by joining a front already opened by Syriza, one that must expand throughout the EU. The politics of debt and sovereignty, and the Atlantic question are all issues that can only be tackled at a European level. Continue reading...

Treasury committee stops short of saying chancellor misled parliament by claiming he won the bill reduction when the surcharge was halved by the UK’s automatic rebateMPs have criticised George Osborne for exaggerating claims that he halved a £1.7bn surcharge imposed by Brussels last year when Britain’s rebate automatically cut the figure to £850m.A committee of MPs has stopped short of accusing the chancellor of misleading parliament, but said he should have known how the rebate applied before he boasted on TV and to MPs about his success at the negotiating table.The terms of the UK’s rebate calculation are set out in EU law. It should, therefore, have been clear it would apply.He has been caught out again and his credibility is further undermined. Continue reading...

Royal Bank of Scotland reveals that its private banking arm is being probed by German authorities, on top of existing US investigation

Angela Merkel is likely to win the Bundestag vote to back the four-month bailout extension – but with grudging acceptance

Strong consumer spending is all very well, but it masks the long-term problem of declining business investmentWhen coffee shops are among Britain’s retail stars, it’s not surprising that economists argue the merits of the cappuccino economy versus the flat white alternative.The latest GDP update shows that froth still dominates (the flat white reference being a nod to a tech/digital economy that has yet to gain ascendancy).Related: UK business investment falls at fastest rate since financial crisis Continue reading...

Drop of 1.4% in last quarter driven by energy companies reining in North Sea spending amid falling oil priceInvestment spending by UK businesses fell at the fastest rate in almost six years at the end of 2014 as energy companies responded to falling global oil prices.Business investment dropped by 1.4% in the fourth quarter, according to the Office for National Statistics. The decrease was mainly driven by oil and gas companies reining in North Sea spending.Related: The UK's economy cannot run on coffee for ever Continue reading...

Ross McEwan still expected to earn £2.7m despite declining the ‘role-based’ payment which has become a common means of sidestepping bonus capsThe chief executive of Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) has said he will hand back £1m of his annual pay package.Ross McEwan told the bank’s board he did not want to receive the “role-based” shares incentive, which tops up his regular salary. He is still expected to be paid £2.7m despite turning down the award. Continue reading...

Stuart Gulliver has apologised following the revelations that its Swiss operation helped wealthy clients dodge tax. MPs have also questioned HM Revenue and Customs.

Benign disinflation means rising real incomes for lenders, pensioners, and workers - but ‘bad deflation’ means an increase in the real burden of debtIn 1923, John Maynard Keynes addressed a fundamental economic question that remains valid today. “[I]nflation is unjust and deflation is inexpedient,” he wrote. “Of the two perhaps deflation is … the worse; because it is worse…to provoke unemployment than to disappoint the rentier. But it is not necessary that we should weigh one evil against the other.”The logic of the argument seems irrefutable. Because many contracts are “sticky” (that is, not easily revised) in monetary terms, inflation and deflation would both inflict damage on the economy. Rising prices reduce the value of savings and pensions, while falling prices reduce profit expectations, encourage hoarding, and increase the real burden of debt. Continue reading...

The number of people employed on zero-hours contracts reached 697,000 in the fourth quarter of 2014. See the characteristics of people employed on zero-hours contracts in four chartsNew estimates show that the number of people employed on zero-hours contracts reached 697,000 in the fourth quarter of 2014, up from 586,000 during the same period a year earlier.The figures, published by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), are an estimate of people who are employed on zero hours contracts in their main employment, and come from the Labour Force Survey. By the end of 2014, the total number of people employed on zero hours contracts represented 2.3% of total in employment - up on the previous year when the figure stood at 1.9%. In its release, the ONS note that it is “not possible to say how much of this increase is due to greater recognition of the term ‘zero-hours contracts’ rather than new contracts.” Continue reading...