Science | The Guardian

British Museum among those loaning items to help Ad Gefrin visitor centre tell story of Northumbria’s golden ageRare Anglo-Saxon treasures from the British Museum are “returning home” to the north-east of England to help tell the story of a royal court in Northumbria’s golden age.The objects include one of the finest examples of Anglo-Saxon glass ever found in England and a replica of one of the superstars of Northumbrian artistry, the Franks Casket. Continue reading...

A scheme aims to help Australia become the first country to offer preventive genetic testing through public healthcare. Is that knowledge power?

The Tasmanian tiger was declared extinct in the 1980s, but now a team of scientists from the US and Australia want to bring it back to life – launching an ambitious multimillion-dollar project, with the backing of investors and celebrities like Chris Hemsworth. However, some in the scientific community question whether this project is worthwhile and scientifically possible.The Guardian Australia climate and environment editor Adam Morton speaks to Laura Murphy-Oates about the science behind bringing back the Tasmanian tiger and what this project could mean for the broader extinction crisisRead more: Continue reading...

In modern Britain, millions of kids grow up learning two languages or more – and experts believe fluidity in language has some surprising advantagesFor many three-year-olds growing up in the UK, it’s challenging enough to learn and master one language, usually English. Yet there’s another rising demographic of young children who are acquiring and absorbing vocabulary from multiple languages before they even start primary school.In 2021 there were around 6 million people with non-British nationality living in the UK, with 9.6m people born abroad – 35% of whom live in London. In the social sciences, this relatively new landscape of such diverse national origins is often referred to as “superdiversity” – a term coined by the German anthropologist Professor Steven Vertovec. The UK’s superdiversity is reflected in our school system, with around 20% of pupils speaking English as an additional language. In London schools, more than 300 different languages are spoken. Continue reading...

Twin academics Perry Zurn and Dani S Bassett fought to forge idiosyncratic paths through academia – then put that knowledge to use in a seven-year study of how we learnIn the early 17th century, there was a room in a house in Copenhagen bursting with hundreds of objects: bones and shells and taxidermised birds, not to mention weapons and rocks and a stuffed polar bear cub hanging from the ceiling. This was the Museum Wormianum, collected and curated by the Danish physician and philosopher Olaus Wormius, or Ole Worm to most. Four hundred years later, this quintessential cabinet of curiosities still inspires philosophy professor Perry Zurn and bioengineering professor Dani S Bassett, identical twins. What provoked Worm to collect? Which electrical signals were firing in his brain? How would the Enlightenment eccentric have behaved given access to Wikipedia?These are questions asked in Zurn and Bassett’s latest work, Curious Minds: The Power of Connection, in which they investigate the neurological, historical, philosophical, and linguistic foundations of curiosity. What exactly is curiosity? Where does it come from and how does it work? In a manuscript peppered with questions, the academics explore everything from Plutarch to Google algorithms, to argue that curiosity is networked. “It works by linking ideas, facts, perceptions, sensations and data points together,” they write in the book, “Yet it also works within human grids of friendship, society and culture.” Continue reading...

Treatments based on barnyard material and unprocessed milk may be developed by 2027An international team of scientists is working on a “farm dust” treatment to stop children developing allergies as research reveals the protective benefits of being brought up on a farm can last into adulthood.The study has found evidence that children brought up on family farms have greater protection into early adulthood from allergic rhinitis, a reaction that can cause a runny nose, sneezing and red eyes. Continue reading...

Head of US space agency suggests maiden test flight will probably be delayed until the middle of OctoberNasa called off its latest attempt to launch the groundbreaking Artemis 1 moon rocket on Saturday after failing to stem a fuel leak discovered during tanking. It was the second time in five days that technical issues had kept the spacecraft on the launchpad.Mission managers at Kennedy Space Center waited until late in the countdown to scrub the liftoff after the failure of several workarounds to try to plug the leak of liquid hydrogen as it was being pumped into the core stage of the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket. Continue reading...

After moving from South Korea I struggled to fit in. But I began to see a new way of understanding empathy through debatingWhen I moved from South Korea to Australia at the age of eight, I learned the worst part of crossing language lines was adjusting to live conversation – to its rapid, layered rhythms and many about-faces. Once spun out, the best I could do was wait for a topic change or long pause to regain a foothold. Tripping over loose words and broken sentences, I never got far.This was a problem because there were many things I did not understand about my new home – why all public figures (including politicians) presented as sports fans, why strangers were called “mates”, why none of the food was spiced. Unable to ask questions, let alone to raise objections, I began to wear a distant smile and to retreat into the private corners of my mind. Continue reading...

Fuel leak comes after Nasa fixed an engine issue that postponed the original launch attempt five days earlierNasa’s pioneering moon rocket sprang a hazardous fuel leak Saturday, throwing into doubt chances of a successful launch on a test flight that must go well before astronauts climb aboard.The Artemis 1 was poised to make a second attempt to fly on Saturday afternoon after the US space agency declared it had identified and fixed an engine issue that caused the postponement of the original launch attempt five days earlier. Continue reading...

Remains from Chad desert provoke rancorous dispute over whether species was earliest to walk uprightIt is a dispute that has taken a long time to reach boiling point. Seven million years after an apelike creature – since nicknamed Toumaï – traversed the landscape of modern Chad, its means of mobility has triggered a dispute among fossil experts. Some claim this was the oldest member of the human lineage. Others that it was just an old ape.The row, kindled by a paper in Nature, last week led scientists to denounce opponents while others accused rivals of building theories on “less than five minutes’ observation” . Continue reading...

Four minutes of idle chat with a stranger could lead to new connections, a study by economists findsThe golden rule of small talk, as anyone who has worked behind a bar can testify, is don’t say what’s on your mind. Rule two, avoid any reference to politics, religion, money, death, health and sex. The price of a pint and the weather are safe bets, and can be discussed in idle chat night after night, often with the same regular, as if never mentioned before. No confrontation, little harm done, nothing given away. Or so it was once thought.Now, economists Professor Daniel Sgroi and Neha Bose from the University of Warwick have conducted what they think is the first study of its kind, putting 338 individuals through an IQ and personality test before placing them in pairs to play two money games in which the extent of cooperation affected the outcome. Continue reading...

Space agency to cause collision with Dimorphos to test if it can avert sci-fi fears of catastrophic impact with EarthIn a few weeks, Nasa controllers will deliberately crash their $330m Dart robot spacecraft into an asteroid. The half-tonne probe will be travelling at more than four miles a second when it strikes its target, Dimorphos, and will be destroyed.The aim of this kamikaze science mission is straightforward: space engineers want to learn how to deflect asteroids in case one is ever discovered on a collision course with Earth. Observations of Dart’s impact on Dimorphos’s orbit will provide crucial data about how well spacecraft can protect Earth from asteroid armageddon, they say. Continue reading...

Individual hospitalised with the virus had recently travelled to west Africa, say public health officialsA second monkeypox strain has been identified in the UK, linked with travel to west Africa, public health officials have said.According to the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), an individual who had recently travelled to west Africa has been admitted to the high consequence infectious diseases (HCID) unit at the Royal Liverpool University hospital in Merseyside with the strain. Continue reading...

New paper issues ‘warning to humanity’ as it calls for urgent action to protect world’s 60,000 tree speciesScientists have issued an urgent “warning to humanity” about the global impact of tree extinctions.A new paper predicts severe consequences for people, wildlife and the planet’s ecosystems if the widespread loss of trees continues. “Last year, we published the State of the World’s Trees report, where we showed at least 17,500 tree species, about a third of the world’s 60,000 tree species, are at risk of extinction,” said Malin Rivers, lead author of the paper and head of conservation prioritisation at Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). “Now we want to highlight why it matters that so many tree species are going extinct. Continue reading...

I WILL NEVER APOLOGISE! But perhaps I may have been a tiny bit OTT about some things …

Men given a dose of gonadotropin-releasing hormone every two hours showed improvements in cognitive function in small-scale trialRegular doses of a hormone may help to boost cognitive skills in people with Down’s syndrome, a pilot study has suggested.Researchers fitted seven men who have Down’s syndrome with a pump that provided a dose of GnRH, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone, every two hours for six months. Continue reading...

About 1.5m people in UK say Covid after-effects are adversely affecting daily activitiesAn estimated 430,000 Britons were still suffering from long Covid two years after first contracting the virus, according to data released by the Office for National Statistics.One in every 32 people in the UK was estimated to have some form of long Covid at the end of July, equivalent to 2 million people. Of those, around 1.5 million said their symptoms were adversely affecting their daily activities, while 384,000 said their ability to undertake daily activities had been “limited a lot”. Continue reading...

Regular users no more likely to lack drive than non-users – but motivation may wane while under the influenceCannabis users are often depicted as lazy “stoners” whose life ambitions span little further than lying on the sofa eating crisps. But research from the University of Cambridge challenges this stereotype, showing that regular users appear no more likely to lack motivation compared with non-users.The research also found no difference in motivation for rewards, pleasure taken from rewards, or the brain’s response when seeking rewards, compared with non-users. Continue reading...

Telescope uses infrared light to reveal blazing gas giant shrouded in dusty red cloudsA blazing gas giant shrouded in dusty red clouds has been revealed in unprecedented observations of a planet beyond our solar system.The observations, which astronomers said marked a “historic moment for astronomy”, are the first direct images of a planet beyond our solar system by Nasa’s $10bn (£8.65bn) James Webb space telescope. They are also the first images of an exoplanet using infrared light, which gives a far more precise indication of a planet’s mass and temperature and will allow astronomers to detect the movement of clouds drifting across the planet’s sky. Continue reading...

George Monbiot criticised ‘chefs and foodies’ like me for focusing on regenerative grazing. But alternative, lab-grown foods, could have terrible consequencesI have huge admiration for George Monbiot, a columnist of this newspaper. His work has highlighted the urgent need to reduce our CO2 emissions and switch to greener energy. He has also shown intensive farming’s role in the dramatic levels of species decline and biodiversity loss. Much of what he writes I wholeheartedly agree with – but when it comes to the solutions we need to change our farming and food systems, we have radically different takes.It is indisputable that the farming “revolution” of the 1950s, with its widespread use of ammonia fertilisers and herbicides, pesticides and fungicides, has waged war on nature. These intensive, monocultural ways of producing food are not only contaminating our land and waterways, but are heating up our planet and contributing to a crisis in human health (more people die of diet-related disease globally than smoking, according to a study published in the Lancet). The animals in factory farms don’t have a great time either. The decline of insect life is incredibly worrying: without the earthworm, beetle and bee, life as we know it could cease. Topsoils, which we use to grow 95% of the world’s food, are depleting at an astonishing rate. We need to change the way we eat and produce food, and we need to do it quickly.Thomasina Miers is a cook, writer and restaurateurDo you have an opinion on the issues raised in this article? If you would like to submit a letter of up to 300 words to be considered for publication, email it to us at guardian.letters@theguardian.com Continue reading...

A survey found 70% of UK adults are planning to heat their homes less, as energy prices soar. But what could be the effect?Keeping the heating turned off is one surefire way of reducing gas and electricity bills this winter, but it could come at the expense of people’s health – particularly those with heart and lung conditions.According to a survey of more than 2,000 UK adults, 23% are planning to do without heating this winter, while about 70% said they planned to turn their heating on less. Yet each centigrade degree reduction below 18C in Britain has been calculated to correspond with an extra 3,500 deaths. Here are the main ways in which cold homes can contribute to worse health. Continue reading...

It is now less than 100 days until Cop15, the UN convention on biological diversity. At these talks, which are taking place in Montreal, Canada in December, governments from around the world will come together to agree targets aimed at halting the destruction of the natural world and protecting biodiversity. With the Earth experiencing the largest loss of life since the extinction of the dinosaurs, what is decided at this meeting could shape the future of the planet and humanity.Madeleine Finlay speaks to biodiversity reporter Phoebe Weston about how negotiations have been going so far, and what’s next on the road to Cop15Archive: BBC News, Sky News Continue reading...

Cambridge research finds 60cm-tall humanoid called Nao helped children open up about feelingsThe Nao robot looks more like a prop from a low-budget sci-fi film than the cutting edge of medical research. But a study found that children felt more comfortable confiding in the child-sized, quizzical-looking humanoid than when responding to mental health assessments with their parents, in some cases disclosing information that they had not previously shared.The team, from the University of Cambridge, say the findings suggest a wider role for robots in assessing children’s mental health – although they said that they would not be intended as a substitute for professional mental health support. Continue reading...

Researchers hope scaled-up version could one day generate oxygen to sustain humans on MarsAn instrument the size of a lunchbox has been successfully generating breathable oxygen on Mars, doing the work of a small tree.Since February last year the Mars oxygen in-situ resource utilisation experiment, or Moxie, has been successfully making oxygen from the red planet’s carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere. Continue reading...

Romanian research shows ‘micro-breaks’ of up to 10 minutes may help to reduce fatigueIt may not be long enough to pop to the shops or head out for a run, but taking a work break of less than 10 minutes could still boost wellbeing, research suggests.The team behind the analysis say “micro-breaks” appear to reduce fatigue and help workers feel more vigorous. Continue reading...

Exchanging pleasantries can leave lasting impression and affect future social interactions, research suggestsThe British may be mocked for their weather-related small talk but exchanging idle pleasantries can leave a lasting impression and affect future social interactions, research suggests.The study found just four minutes of chit-chat can give away aspects of our personality, such as whether we are extroverted or introverted, and influence subsequent social interactions. Continue reading...

Chief medical officers said the wave of Omicron variants was ‘subsiding’, although ‘further surges are likely’The UK’s Covid-19 alert level has been downgraded to level 2, meaning the virus is in “general circulation” but healthcare pressures and transmission are “declining or stable”.The chief medical officers of the UK nations and the national medical director of the NHS in England have jointly recommended that the Covid alert level be moved down from level 3 amid falling cases. They said the Covid-19 wave of the Omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5 was “subsiding”. Continue reading...

Palaeontologists studied growth lines and elements preserved in fossil teeth to reconstruct the day-to-day life of Pantolambda bathmodonPalaeontologists have identified the earliest example of a placental mammal in the fossil record to date, which could provide new insights into how our furry ancestors came to dominate Earth after the extinction of the dinosaurs.They made the breakthrough by studying the odontological (tooth) equivalent of tree rings – growth lines and elements preserved in fossil teeth – which they used to reconstruct the day-to-day life of one of our early cousins: Pantolambda bathmodon, a stocky dog-pig-like creature, which trotted around approximately 62m years ago – soon after the dinosaur extinction. Continue reading...

Psychologists have suggested imagining yourself as an impenetrable grey rock when confronted with overbearing and manipulative people. The trick is to appear as uninterested, and uninteresting, as humanly possibleName: Grey rocking.Age: Relatively new. Continue reading...

Biosecurity expert, recycling pioneer and nanomaterials engineer among other Australian scientists recognised with awards

UK cases are falling – and scientists around the world are getting closer to being able to define and treat long CovidAs a scientist who works every day on the immunology of Covid-19 and long Covid, I’m well aware that, heading into autumn and the return to school, the UK faces yet more Covid confusion and disharmony. Where are we headed next? Isn’t it over? And why keep harping on about mitigation when we now have so many other concerns?Any discussion of our current Covid situation must consider the legacy of disability and misery associated with long Covid. In my opinion, there is now some good news among the old bad news. Over the past few months, Office for National Statistics data shows the estimated number of people with long Covid beginning to fall, from a peak of 2 million in May to about 1.8 million. I take this to mean that some are gradually recovering. And while long Covid following Omicron BA.5 infection is clearly happening, new cases of long Covid are appearing at a lower frequency. Colleagues in Singapore, a country with a large peak of Omicron infections following a relatively mild early pandemic, mention talk of quiet long Covid clinics without patients.Danny Altmann is professor of immunology at Imperial College London, a trustee of the Medical Research Foundation and of Long Covid Support, and co-author of The Long Covid Handbook Continue reading...

Key cities of Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Dalian are under curbs again, amid protests and data showing factory slowdownChina has placed millions of its citizens under renewed lockdown after fresh outbreaks of Covid-19 as the government persists in its hardline policy on containing the virus in the face of more evidence that it is suffocating the economy.The measures affected cities from the southern cities of Shenzhen and Guangzhou to the northern port city of Dalian, and from the western metropolis of Chengdu to Shijiazhuang in central Hebei province. Continue reading...

Revolutionary treatment for C diff infections that transfers gut bacteria from healthy faeces given the green light by NiceHundreds of patients struggling to ward off superbugs are to be treated with poo transplants on the NHS using gut bacteria taken from healthy donors’ faeces.The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Nice), the health regulator, has given the green light for a faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) to be offered to people who have been treated for two or more Clostridium difficile (C diff) infections without success. Continue reading...

One of largest donations in Australian history to go towards therapeutic treatments for global pandemics

An engine problem foiled Monday’s efforts but mission managers said a change in fueling procedures would helpNasa will make a second attempt at launching its Space Launch System moon rocket this Saturday, the agency has said, five days after technical issues foiled an initial attempt.The US space agency made the decision on Monday to delay its first attempt to launch a rocket capable of putting astronauts on the moon in 50 years due to engine issues. Continue reading...

History-rich communcation centre in Lizard peninsula will track the rocket using its Merlin antennaNaturally, mission control in Houston and the Kennedy Space Center in Florida are the places most closely associated with Nasa’s Artemis 1 moon adventure but a lesser-known spot on a remote heath in the far south-west of Britain is also playing a crucial part.When the mission does blast off, hopefully later this week, scientists at Goonhilly Earth Station on the Lizard peninsula in Cornwall will help Nasa track the rocket using a giant deep space antenna nicknamed Merlin, and then command six small research satellites that are piggy-backing a ride on Artemis. Continue reading...

The BBC’s superb adaptation of Sartre’s story of love, shame and France’s fall is a stark reminder that self-reproach has gone from British public life. Why, asks playwright David Hare, do we tolerate a ruling class that can’t confess fault?In the late 1970s, I was part of a raucous lobby to liberate television drama from the confines of the studio and progress it to film. Ken Loach had shown the way. In works such as Cathy Come Home, he had lifted us with a blast of freedom that was impossible with lumbering videotape cameras recording what were essentially televised stage plays. Film was the modern medium – swift, versatile and punchy. If British drama was ever going to take flight with the vigour of the French New Wave, it had to be shot on real locations.How wrong I was! This summer, when so many people have found themselves hooked on the BBC Four reruns of the 1970 studio productions of The Roads to Freedom, it has become clear that, in our victory, something vital got mislaid. It isn’t simply that, in the transition to film, British television inevitably became more of a director’s medium and less of a writer’s. Rather, if you compare the formulaic, neutered drama currently offered on the BBC with the depth and ambition of this Sartre adaptation, you will conclude that flashy style is intentionally being deployed in today’s schedules to make sure there’s no danger of significant content. Continue reading...

Advances in DNA analysis enabled researchers to identify victims and sequence oldest genomes from Jewish individualsThe remains of children and adults found in a disused well in Norwich have been identified as victims of a bloody medieval pogrom, researchers have revealed.The team said the discovery not only underscored the horror of the antisemitic atrocity, but provided new insights into when genetic disorders often found among Ashkenazi Jews first appeared. Continue reading...

Holidaymakers heading to British beaches and rivers were faced with a very unpleasant problem this summer – raw sewage. The sewage system usually carries rainwater and dirty wastewater from bathrooms and kitchens to treatment works but during ‘exceptional events’ such as heavy rainfall, when it is likely to be overwhelmed, raw sewage can be diverted and discharged into rivers and seas.Available data shows that in 2021, water companies released untreated sewage into waterways for 2.7m hours – with many discharge pipe monitors not working or left uninstalled. Madeleine Finlay speaks to reporter Helena Horton about why this is happening, and the damage it is doing to the environment, our health, and the UK’s seafood industryArchive: 5 News, BBC News, Channel 4 News Continue reading...

Craft being monitored by CSIRO will carry mannequins as a dress rehearsal for human mission in 2025

US space agency technicians working against the clock to correct ‘engine bleed’ in time for possible rescheduled lift-off on FridayNasa is delaying a decision on the timing of its next launch attempt for Artemis 1, the US space agency’s first human-rated moon rocket in 50 years, after calling off Monday’s scheduled liftoff late in the countdown because of an issue related to “engine bleed”.Engineers at Nasa’s launch complex in Cape Canaveral, Florida, discovered the problem with one of the four core-stage engines of the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket during overnight loading of 2.76m litres (730,000 gallons) of liquid hydrogen and oxygen fuel needed to send the spacecraft off on its 1.3m-mile, 42-day journey to the far side of the moon and back. Continue reading...

Data from UK Biobank suggests people who drink two or more cups of black tea a day have lower risk of mortalityIt is a welcome piece of research for those who regard having a cup of tea as one of life’s everyday pleasures.A study has suggested that having a brew could be associated with a lower risk of mortality. When compared with those who do not have tea, people who consumed two or more cups each day had between a 9% and 13% lower risk of mortality, researchers said. Continue reading...

A dispute over who should fund the free kits will leave test sites or insurance reimbursement as the available optionsThe US government is suspending its program of free home tests for Covid-19 this week amid disagreements over who should pay for the initiative.The free home tests, which have provided up to 16 tests for each household, are scheduled to come to a halt on Friday. In the future, people requiring tests for work or travel, or wanting to confirm whether they have the illness, will need to claim the costs of a home test on health insurance or seek results through federally backed testing sites. Continue reading...

In behaviour only previously seen in humans, ‘social brain’ helps dolphins form complex alliances to see off their rivals for femalesDolphins form decade-long social bonds, and cooperate among and between cliques, to help one another find mates and fight off competitors, new research has found – behaviour not previously confirmed among animals.“These dolphins have long-term stable alliances, and they have intergroup alliances. Alliances of alliances of alliances, really,” said Dr Richard Connor, a behavioural ecologist at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth and one of the lead authors of the paper. “But before our study, it had been thought that cooperative alliances between groups were unique to humans.” Continue reading...

An article in the Nature Climate Change journal argues that non-violent direct action taken by experts is effectiveScientists should commit acts of civil disobedience to show the public how seriously they regard the threat posed by the climate crisis, a group of leading scientists has argued.“Civil disobedience by scientists has the potential to cut through the myriad complexities and confusion surrounding the climate crisis,” the researchers wrote in an article, published in the scientific journal Nature Climate Change on Monday. Continue reading...

Oversight review into US research on newborn piglets led by Prof William Armstead, which has been called ‘utterly reprehensible’The federal Office of Research Integrity (ORI) has begun an investigation into alleged misconduct after the retraction of five papers involving animal experiments on newborn piglets led by a now retired professor at the University of Pennsylvania.The ORI confirmed that it had initiated an oversight review into the retracted papers that were produced by teams of researchers led by pharmacology professor William Armstead at Penn, which is part of the US’s prestigious Ivy League. Continue reading...

Benefits of cholesterol-lowering drug taken by 8 million people in UK outweigh low risk of side-effects, study findsStatins do not commonly cause muscle pain, the world’s most comprehensive study of their risks has found, prompting health experts to reassure millions of patients that taking the pills is safe.The drugs are widely prescribed to prevent heart disease, but there have been concerns for years that they may frequently cause muscle pain or weakness. Continue reading...

‘Conditioning issue’ with one of four engines on rocket’s main stage means launch called off, with next attempt 2 SeptemberWe’re closing our space blog now after a disappointing morning at Cape Canaveral that saw Nasa scrub its first attempt to launch its Artemis 1 moon mission because of an engine issue.But mission managers will point out this is a test flight designed to iron out mechanical issues and other problems to ensure astronaut safety ahead of placing human crews aboard in subsequent missions. Continue reading...

Problem with one of four rockets calls halt to Monday’s scheduled launch, with next attempt due on 2 SeptemberNasa on Monday was hoping to launch for the first time in 50 years a rocket that can ferry humans to and from the moon, but the US space agency had to postpone the start of the mission because of an unexpected engine issue.The rocket’s engine “didn’t get the high accuracy temperature that they were looking for”, the launch control communicator, Derrol Nail, said of engineers’ efforts to “condition” the engine for launch. Continue reading...

Can we really intuit an animal’s feelings, or are we merely projecting our own?When a dog growls at you, is it angry? When a squirrel flees up a tree at your approach, is it fearful? When an elephant stands for days on a spot where another has died, is it grieving? If you live with an animal (the non-human kind) you might think the answer is obvious, but the scientific question remains tantalisingly open.Let’s start with some well-established findings. Every animal’s brain regulates its organs, hormones and the other systems of its body via electricity and swirling chemicals. Inside your own body, these processes keep you alive and also, somehow, produce your general mood in ways that scientists are still puzzling out. Your mood is kind of a summary of how your whole body is doing. It ranges from pleasant to unpleasant and from still to activated. Mood is not emotion – it is always with you, even when you’re not emotional. Continue reading...